Essay about Hispanic Girls Growing up on the Border

Hispanic Girls Growing up on the Border The Southwest United States is an area of great diversity. It is located on the border between the US and Mexico. In this region there are four main ethnicities represented: Hispanics, African Americans, Anglo Americans, and Native Americans. These groups interact daily working in the same offices and going to school together. Youth of each ethnicity face risks as they grow up. By focusing on the Hispanic adolescent girl the extent of the possible risks to one ethnicity can be explored. These risks will include motivation at school, the risk of dropping out of school, the at-risk classification, which includes gang involvement, and teen pregnancy. The results of studies focused†¦show more content†¦A solution to help at risk girls feel they fit into their community has been attempted through the formation of a club in Texas, where there is a large Mexican population due to the border region. A club for at-risk girls was started called Girls Acquiring Leader ship Skills through Service (GALLS). Since students who lack feelings of inclusion at school are those most at-risk for both youth gang involvement and dropping out of school this club focuses on making girls feel they belong at school(Sonnenblick 243). Throughout the border region, enacting programs such as GALLS could be effective for lessening Hispanic girls at-risk classification. Not being at-risk would be a benefit for Hispanic girls whom face so many other potentially problematic situations in their daily life on the border. Hispanic girls often must face another classification because of their race, that they do not want or are not motivated to do well in school. In the past the common stereotype has been that Mexicans do not have the desire or encouragement to succeed in the academic world of school. Motivation in school is influenced by three main things, first how much a group of friends values doing well in school, second the achievement goals set by parents, and third the independence and responsibility one takes upon herself(Goodenow 61, Menchaca 971). In the border region HispanicShow MoreRelatedHispanic Gangs: Not Just a California Problem Anymore1475 Words   |  6 Pagespeople tend to think of gangs in America as being made up primarily of young inner-city black males with a small percentage of white males. Americans tend to forget that gangs also include girls, adults, and children. One area that most Americans have not started to look into yet is the influence of the growing n umber of Hispanic Gangs. Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in the United States. Between 2000 and 2003 the Hispanic population increased 13% from 34.7 million to 39.9 millionRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Johnson Miller Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesJane â€Å"Bitzi† Johnson Miller was born and raised in west Texas on a ranch. She was married to Michael Smith, former Texas supremum court justice, until they divorced in 2010, have two grown children. She went to the all-girls, private National Cathedral School in Austin, where she played on the woman soccer team and graduated in 1981. She attended the University of Texas at Arlington, majoring business administration with minor in political science, and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa honor societyRead More Adolescent Girls at Risk Essay1945 Words   |  8 PagesAdolescent Girls at Risk What risks are really in existence for adolescent girls growing up on the Arizona-Mexico border? Well, more then anyone in their right mind might be able to imagine. Adolescent girls growing up on the border or in a multicultural area are generally from lower income homes, which in itself introduces an entire set of risk factors. The main focus, but certainly not the only ones at risk, being that of minority groups, such as Hispanic and American Indian girls. In generalRead MoreThe Prevelance of Diabetes in the Hispanic Culture1465 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This event was the greatest territorial expansion of the United States and was responsible for the annexation of approximately 80,000 Mexican citizens. In 1910 the Mexican Revolution forced Mexicans to cross the border into the United States, in search of safety and employment. In 1917 with the advent of World War 1 factories in war-related industries in the United States desperately need more workers. Latinos from the Southwest begin moving north in large numbersRead MoreWhy Mexico And Not Canada988 Words   |  4 PagesMexican and Canadian Immigrants. . . 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My New Cyber Security Companies - 1365 Words

Are you an angel investor in cyber security companies? Are you currently fund raising for your new cyber security company? Do you work in venture capital and invest in cyber? If you ve answered yes to any of these questions then you are are either producing slide decks which are too long or you are spending time looking at slide decks which are too long. Last year, I switched from being a cyber security executive to a venture capitalist focusing on early stage cyber companies. I had always been supportive of the start-up community and had done a bunch of angel investing. In 2016 I started focusing on angel investing full time and in 2017 I launched Gula Tech Adventures which is a fund focused exclusively on cyber security. Over the past†¦show more content†¦Saying that you ve solved cyber security, you increase ROI, .etc isn t enough to get an investor excited these days. Their next question will be how? or so what?. If your What slide helps you differentiate from your competition, this makes it easier for an investor to get excited. Honesty and humility also goes a real long way with investors. Calling out exactly what your advantages are is something a venture capitalist or investor can work with. SLIDE TWO - THE HOW In one slide, describe how you do your what without giving away any proprietary secrets but conveying your ability and comprehension of the problem. Many pitch decks I see completely skip the what slide and start with the how. I see many entrepreneurs dive right into the how as a first introduction to their company. This can be hard for an investor to figure out exactly why you are doing something or why a customer would want to spend money with you on your solution. The how slide should answer many of the basic questions without being evasive. Questions that need to be answered include: Cloud or on-prem. Which components are cloud? 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Quality Of Outpatient Service Design Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(71) " which concentrating on audit and accreditation of a papers procedure\." In Malaysia health-care design, developing spacial design is considered as one of the most of import undertakings in the preliminary design phase. In effect, the result of the design gives an impact to quality of service design. The choice of quality appraisal is of import in support of the mission and criterions of Malaysia health-care services. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Of Outpatient Service Design Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is associated with a delivered a user-friendly, efficient and effectual service to the patient. Hence the serviceability construct is attached to user ‘s perspective rating really appropriate as a measuring. In these fortunes, the functions of installation direction are to understand and be sensitive in this issue. In add-on the installation directors are responsible in making and bettering the design every bit good as the service meets its best map and organisation mission. The intent of this paper is to reexamine and understanding the † serviceability construct † and â€Å" Usability method † as an appraisal the quality of architecture in- usage † . On top of that is to understand the useable method to mensurate health-care services. This paper will be concentrating on three serviceability cardinal factors ; efficiency, effectivity and users ‘ satisfaction. This overview will assist research workers in their hereafter survey to look into the relationships between the spacial design and â€Å" usability constructs † . This is done by taking into considerations the user experience and outlook of the outpatient spacial design in Malaysia public infirmary. { 10pt infinite } Keywords: outpatient spacial design rating, quality in-use, serviceability construct. { 10pt infinite } { 10pt infinite } { 10pt infinite } INTRODUCTION { Arial 10pt BOLD } { 10pt infinite } { 10pt infinite } The International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) defines serviceability is a merchandise as â€Å" the extent to which the merchandises can be used by specified users to accomplish specified ends in the specific context of usage with the peculiar environment † . ISO besides pointed out that serviceability is measured based on the three basic parametric quantities ; effectivity, efficiency and satisfaction ( Blakstad, 2008 ; Alexander, 2008 ; Fenker, 2008 ) . Hence usability rating is all about users experience and feedback to the design and environment. It is besides associated between human experience and its influence on people ‘s apprehensions of a design or installations in-use and the dimension of context-of-use ( Chamorro-Koc,2009 ; Carr, 2010 ) . { 10pt infinite } The serviceability surveies started in the twelvemonth 1950s and emerging from assorted subjects backgrounds and Fieldss and is widely known in relation to applications within merchandise design, information engineering and Human Computer Interaction ( Blakstad, 2008 ; Fenker,2008 ) .Hence it is related to user friendliness and functionality of the system or design meets user demands ( Jenso, 2006 ) . In a built-environment, it started by the Facilities Management field with the construct of duty of the Facility Manager to carry through the demand of stakeholders by cognizing the action and feedback from users experience to edifice in -use. It ‘s was introduced by International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction ( CIB ) Task Group 51 â€Å" Usability of edifices 2005 † , Workshop W111 – â€Å" serviceability of workplaces 2-2008 † and â€Å" serviceability of workplace 3- 2010 † has been established to use constructs of serviceability and to supply a better apprehension of the user experience. Why serviceability { Arial 10pt BOLD } { 10pt infinite } The chief focal point of Facilities Management ( FM ) has for a long clip been related to cost decreases, but in recent old ages, there is a alteration towards the demand for FM to make added value. It more focal points on the result of the procedures in FM and the effects that FM can make to better productiveness and functionality of the organisation and benefits for the stakeholders. Consequently, it related to betterment of environing, people and spacial relationships, societal, functional facet, environment and economic ( Jensen, 2010 ; Low Sui Pheng ; 1996, Diez ; 2009 ) . Therefore, to acquire a quality system or design and satisfied stakeholders involved the duties of the FM as the judge before and after the edifice occupied and during the designed procedure. From the organic structure of literature, there are assorted standards of appraisal involve in a built-environment, particularly related to healthcare sectors, including ; Healthcare design rating: Evidence based design: The rating of how design impact to patient results ( Cama ; 2009 ; Becker ; 2007 ; 2008, ) Post tenancy rating ( POE ) : The systematic rating attached to constructing public presentation and user satisfaction ( Ghazali ; 2010, De Jager ; 2008, Begum ; 2010 ) â€Å" Kansei † technology: The rating of quality design by intercession a users feeling and emotions to better future design. ( Harun ; 2008, Ayas ; 2008 ) Kano theoretical accounts: Related to satisfaction rating and design or service public presentation ( Mustafa, 2002 ) Design quality index ( DQI ) : The appraisal refers to user feedback with edifice building and edifice in usage as a usher for future design ( Volker ; 2010 ) Experimental Research: It associates to prove the variables which influence the topic or histrion by placing the results of the experiment. ( Said ; 2006, Surrenti ; 2009 ) Healthcare Service rating Theoretical and stochastic theoretical accounts: it is choice measurement theoretical accounts. Combination of Discrete Event Simulation ( DES ) and the informations of Patient Classification Systems ( PCSs ) The construct is based on a Staff-Patient Satisfaction Relation Model ( S-PSRM ) ( Komashie ; 2009 ) Service quality ( SERVQUAL ) : It is a measuring related to the spread between the client ‘s degree of outlook and how good they rated the service by looking at human facets and response to service provided ( reactivity, dependability, empathy and confidence ) ( Medabesh ; 2008, Bahari 2010 ) Service quality A ; service useable ( SERVUSE ) : Human Factors and Usability in Service Quality Measurement ( by cognizing utilizations outlook and demands ) . Measure service quality through a study instrument termed SERVQUAL. ( Strawderman ; 2008 ; 2006 ) Service Excellence: measurement quality and excellence -direct service user input and engagement in the service planning and bringing procedure ( Abusaid ; 2007 ) Six Sigma -measurement for service quality: to better the nature, criterion and cost of public services as prosecuting a end near-perfection in run intoing client requirements-measurement for service quality ( Abdullah ; 2008 ) Additionally, most of the infirmary in Malaysia ‘s assessment determines on a quality direction system and to carry through the demands of ISO certification, which concentrating on audit and accreditation of a papers procedure. You read "Quality Of Outpatient Service Design Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" This can be seen on Malaysia Society for Quality in Health ( MSQH ) rating, which concerns on health care installations, services and in patient safety appraisal and ensures the uninterrupted quality betterment in health care. International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , choice direction system ( QMS ) ensures that their internal procedures are able to run into their patients ‘ and applicable regulative demands in a consistent mode. All this is for bettering the quality of the service or the rating of design, installations or systems impact to the users or organisations. Besides that on top, we can reason this overall appraisal is a ttached to user satisfaction and organisation betterment. Otherwise serviceability besides touched on user satisfaction but more profoundly to users experience by cognizing in-depth their demands and outlook, which focus on the effectivity and efficiency of quality in-use. ARCHITECTURAL USABILITY In Space is the machine, Hillier ( 1996, p. 129 ) clarifies that ‘the belongings of intelligibility [ aˆÂ ¦ ] means the grade to which what we can see from the infinite that make up the system [ aˆÂ ¦ ] . ‘ And further on ‘an unintelligible system is one where well-connected infinites are non good incorporate [ aˆÂ ¦ ] . ‘ With this in head, constellations of edifice layouts have great impact on the users ‘ behaviour. ( Vrachliotis ; aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ ) Component layout plays an of import function in the design and serviceability of many technology merchandises. The layout job is besides classified under the headers of wadding, packaging, constellation, container dressing, palette burden or spacial agreement in the literature. The job involves the arrangement of constituents in an available infinite such that a set of nonsubjective scan be optimized while fulfilling optional spatial of public presentation restraints. The layout ends are normally formulated as nonsubjective maps. The aims may reflect the cost, quality, public presentation and service demands. Assorted restraints may be necessary to stipulate spacial relationships between constituents. The specifications of constituents, aims, restraints, and topological connexions define a layout job and an optimisation hunt algorithm takes the job preparation and identifies assuring solution by measuring design options and germinating design provinces. Analysis of aims and restraint s vary from job to job. Spatial knowledge and wayfinding research every bit good as design knowledge are good established as A?elds of research. It is however mostly unknown how designers ground when they try to incorporate manner finding-friendly factors into their designs. Weismans four factors, ocular entree, signage, architectural distinction and floor program complexness provide a comparatively general theoretical base. The function of architectural design on the perceptual experience and mental representation of infinite by worlds is investigated. The navigability and serviceability of reinforced infinite is consistently analyzed in the visible radiation of cognitive theories of spacial and navigational abilities of worlds. It is concluded that a edifice ‘s navigability and related wayfinding issues can profit from architectural design that takes into history basic consequences of spacial knowledge research. Architectural design of infinite has multiple maps. Architecture is designed to fulfill the different representational, functional, aesthetic, and emotional demands of organisations and the people who live or work in these constructions. The designed spacial environment can be seen as an of import tool in accomplishing a peculiar end, e.g. , making a finish or happening an issue in instance of exigency. ( Steffen WerneraˆÂ ¦.. ) Usability an appraisal of quality in-use { 10pt infinite } Serviceability is about user position on their experience. Those experiences are created non merely by elements which the supplier or direction can command, but besides by elements that are outside of the supplier control that effected end-users experience either positive or negative experience. From the organic structure of literature explain the assortment of experience: It involves the cognitive psychological science, act uponing, emotional reaction, and perceptual experience. However, experience influence by personal reading of a state of affairs based on cultural background, temper, esthesis and physical status. ( Verhoef, 2009 ; McGee, 2004 ; Pullman, 2003 ; Hekkert, 2006 ) . It is an event quality of experience. Harmonizing to Dewey ( 1963 ) it is understood as people ‘s comprehension of unrecorded events ensuing from their interaction with merchandises and their environment of usage. ( Pullman ; 2003 ) . It is attaching to sensation cognition ensuing from the interaction with different elements of a context of usage. ( Gupta ; 1999, Fenker, 2008 ) . It considered users find alone, memorable, sustainable over clip and knowing and promotes word of oral cavity. ( Pine, 1999 ) . It ‘s about the persons comparing their outlooks to the results generated by their interaction with a system, service or installations offered. It is an interrelated rhythm of trying to fulfill hopes, dreams, demands, and desires. ( Austere 2003, 2004 ; Hseih, 2009 ; Said,2007 ; Abdullah,2008 ; Alexander,2010 ; Alho, 2008 ; Garde, 2008 ; Hignett, 2009 ) . It ‘s an attitude on how users feel about their experience, while they ‘re utilizing it, how good it serves their intents and tantrums into the full context in which they are utilizing it † ( Alben 1996 ) .The manner it feels in their custodies, how good they understand how it works. Therefore, it can be concluded that usability surveies as a portion of a cultural phenomenon from understanding user ‘s experience. It is a portion of human behaviour activities and reaction survey or to value of terminal user satisfaction. Quality of experience is user ‘s outlooks that benefit to stop users, which influence to societal factors, emotional, and physical well being after deliver or reaction to plan or service. It impacted of a individual ‘s wellness on his or her ability to take a carry throughing their demands or life ( Carr ; 2001 ) . Quality can be defined as the mark that is intended to be reached. In the literature, there are several nomenclatures used to specify the term quality. Which is quality is a method of acknowledging, implementing, and entering good manners of action. Consequently, from a organic structure of usability literature in the built-environment, most of the rating is measured the values of users experience, and it related to ap praisal of quality in-use. ( as shows in table 1 ) . Table 1: Serviceability standards and results assessment in Built environment Author/ focal point Serviceability standards Outcomes -quality of experience Granath ; 2008. Introducing the construct of usability-evaluate the results of design The consequence of the artefact Serviceability: Effectiveness ; can users complete undertakings, achieve ends with the merchandise. Efficiency ; user attempt does necessitate making the undertaking. Satisfaction ; the fulfilment of desire or a demand. Garde ; 2008 Quality design Patient country ; ( DfU and DfE ) Ambient experience The merchandises need to be operable for changing individuals with diverse. It depends on the backgrounds and users state of affairs. Comfortable-Ergonomic facets, Physical- and cognitive interaction Emotion -feel at place Handiness Aesthetics- feeling Easy to learn- user friendly Efficiency-distance Space of privateness Jenso ; 2008 Quality of design -patient focus-usability standards Flexibility: Area flexibleness Structural flexibleness Technical flexibleness Functionality: Operational functionality Structural functionality Ergonomic functionality Communicative functionality Adaptability- generalization – flexibleness – snap, Functionality-Usefulness, Accessibility, Aestheticss Identity ( internal ) -Image ( external ) , refering wellness, environment and safety, physical milieus, efficiency and cost in usage, and wellbeing and satisfaction among dwellers Voordt ; 2009 Quality architecture in usage design ( infirmary ) range ability ; handiness ; efficiency ; flexibleness ; safety ; spacial orientation ; privateness, territoriality A ; societal contact ; wellness and physical wellbeing ; and Sustainability. relate chiefly to the user value of the edifice ( is it easy to utilize ) , to psychological wellbeing to physical wellbeing to environmental quality embracings useful, psychological and physical facets every bit good Rasila ; 2010 Journey experience serviceability dimensions that end-users utilize when they assess the serviceability of reinforced environments Dimensions: Efficiency Flexibility Learnability Memorability bar of mistakes Handiness Navigation Functionality Atmosphere Ocular design Interaction and feedback Satisfaction End product: Efficiency Flexibility Learnability Memorability Amount/tolerance/ bar of mistakes Handiness Navigation Functionality Atmosphere Interaction and feedback Servicescape Feeling secure Space Networks Alexander ; 2010 Quality acquisition environment Enjoyable Memorable Valuable. Co-learning, Co-production, Benefit to user, Connectivity, Healthy and safe, Eco footmark, Visually pleasing, meaningful instruction result: Increase equity and entree to instruction, Improve educational effectivity Raise degrees of accomplishment A ; attainment. Strawderman ; 2008 ; 2006 Quality and serviceability of health care clinic service: SERVUSE, was created by modifying SERVQUAL Service quality: Dependability Tangibles Responsiveness Assurance Empathy 5 usability factors ; learn ability, efficiency, memorability, low mistakes. Satisfaction. Usability result: Excellent clinics – simple to utilize. Patients of first-class clinics will be able to larn how to utilize the system easy. Information sing first-class clinics will be easy to find. amp ; easy to understand. Kazanasmaz,2006 design efficiency Spatial orientation layout A ; motion, Size of infinite. Capacity of point ( bed ) Functional Classification of Spaces- Primary infinites, Secondary infinites and Circulation infinites Walking distances, spaced utilised, light strength, forms of motion, services. journeys ‘ frequence of happening, types of journeys, and distances Barlow ; 2007 Swanepoel ; 2010 Needs and Quality for future library design. interior public library to animate usage Serviceability affect by demographic and experience, which will impact their initial accomplishments. Functional and modern, aesthetically delighting, friendly design, gratifying and memorable experiences Way finding- Signage and initial orientation devices, handiness, acquaintance, landmark, user friendly, easy to utilize, Steering -future design Creates gratifying and memorable experiences. Usability rating standards and procedure of rating Purpose of this pilot is observation dues to the issue and to prove the method of informations aggregation and prove the serviceability rating model. Whereas those related to the chief aim of this survey are to research and detect the behavior activities of user experience the serviceability of healthcare spacial design from the patient ‘s outlooks and feedback. The rating derived from Voordt 2005 ; 2009, which is an appraisal on healthcare architecture- in usage, utilizing 9 dimension, ( 1 ) range ability and parking installations, ( 2 ) handiness, ( 3 ) efficiency, ( 4 ) flexibleness, ( 5 ) safety, ( 6 ) spacial orientation, ( 7 ) privateness, territoriality and societal contact, ( 8 ) wellness and physical wellbeing and, ( 9 ) Sustainability. This rating adopted from NHS, Achieving Excellence Design Evaluation Toolkit ( AEDET ) : its Post tenancy Evaluation ( POE ) Toolkit with the systematic questionnaire ( Excel-based plan ) related to how edifice performed, provides three cardinal countries ; ( 1 ) functionality- usage, entree and infinite, ( 2 ) impact -character and invention, signifier and stuffs, staff and patient environment, urban and societal integrating, and ( 3 ) build quality and standard public presentation, technology and building ( AEDET development, NHS ; 2010 ) This survey was conducted in a replacing infirmary. A replacing infirmary is a new infirmary built to replace the original infirmary which had been closed or turned into the province wellness section or wellness clinic. Presently there are 11 replacing infirmaries and 9 have been in operation for this survey, and three infirmaries have been selected, in which the infirmary began runing in 2000 and above. It focuses on the northern part of peninsular Malaysia, is due to Lack of research worker survey and concentrate on this country and concentrate on spacial design. Two replacing infirmary been chosen with a different class, territory infirmary with 11 medical subjects and 498 beds and territory infirmary with 250 beds.The 10 respondent from each infirmary been interviewed during the walkthrough procedure due to the limited country within anteroom, parking country, outpatient country and entree to specialist clinic. The serviceability appraisal method is suited for usage in the appraisal cause the deficiency of qualitative appraisal, which in-depth focal points on patient experience and outlook. Furthermore, Usability is the measurement methods related to human factors, which is focused on understanding benefits and restrictions of the human organic structure and associated with the direction and usage of Facilities and environment. This geographic expedition pilot survey is to cognize the easiness of usage and how the system matches with the existent state of affairss which focus on: Patient experience and outlook to spacial design characteristics: Flexibility of design attaches to serve waiting process inclusive the factors effectual and efficient standards that contribute to their satisfaction. Chemical reaction and feedback of the patient journey experience through the spacial design environment and orientation start from the handiness aspect to make the service or their ends. This appraisal it has been use to happen the standards for the chief instance surveies ‘ appraisals. The methods of roll uping informations used in this survey are walkthrough observation and unstructured interviews of patients and visitants journey experience. In the early serviceability trial, study had been behavior, but the consequence finds merely fewer respondents want to be involved in that study. Therefore, those two methods of roll uping informations had been chosen and more answering action to the interview. As we mentioned the walkthrough and interview method had been chosen in this information aggregation technique. It had done cause deficiency of dependable appraisal method that thoroughly observes and identifies the user ‘s action from their experience the existent thing. Acknowledging the demand for a conjunct response to what had been design or been using from the direction or the medical contriver. Walkthrough observation behaviour activities by watching people use their environment and activities related to spatial-relationship and surrounding. It has done by analyses of the infinite and motions â€Å" tour † of the edifice measuring different qualities of maps of environment. In the same clip Interviews had used to back up worlds without upseting their activities. Interviews utile to back up behavior reaction, and we will cognize in-depth information around the subject and related issue. Those methods being used to cognize the expected utilizations, new utilizations and abuses of design, recognized demands by acquiring the narrative behind a participant ‘s experiences. Usability issues from pilot During the pilot, there are few cardinal inquiries of interview and observation standards related to how users experience the spacial design. It is reflecting to the chief research inquiries of the surveies: How the serviceability of spacial design can act upon the health care spacial design in order to bring forth choice architectural in-use? Why the patients concern on their procedure of journey experience and how their outlook from the spacial design to reflect support to the manner it used by them? The specific cardinal inquiries for this chief interview are: How do you experience about this infinite? Why its of import? How your experience utilizing all the installations along your journey experience and are those installations easy be used? What do you believe of this infinite and are the installations needs betterment? You want to travel where and from where? How about you ‘re experiencing and what your outlook from this experience? What are the jobs you encounter to that country? Keys of observation during visitants or patients walking into the mark country by placing any mistakes: How a respondent identified the space- utilizing signage/ map/ inquiring person. Chemical reaction to any of the serviceability issues highlighted by them. Chemical reactions of household, kids, friends who accompany patients to those above standards. The decision in this little pilot survey, we identified several serviceability jobs explains the position of patients and visitants to their experience in hospital spacial design and the account of serviceability standards in table 2. Table 2: Patient experience and outlook to healthcare design and installations provided. Pilot survey 1 A ; 2: Quality in-use Usability issues-from interview session Usability standards agencies [ aˆÂ ¦ ] Do n’t cognize how to travel to the cafe and other area/space and every clip to happen an country, we will inquire the security guard or receptionist. I ca n’t read, I merely can acknowledge the topographic point if the signage got image or symbol. My kid is already tired, they want to travel drama†¦ †¦ but in the chief land floor†¦ afraid to allow them travel†¦ I ca n’t see from here aˆÂ ¦the inside is excessively world-weary and that ‘s no topographic point for childs to play or making others activities. There ‘s non adequate sitting unit, the puting it ‘s excessively difficult and the agreement of puting unit it ‘s difficult for me to pass on with each others. Waiting so long but it ‘s nil to make and I like to wait in the anteroom aˆÂ ¦.can see the people, landscape†¦ . and it ‘s so deadening sit in a topographic point that uncle received intervention, merely watching Television†¦ Feel non safe aˆÂ ¦walking through stairway aˆÂ ¦ lower limit of light entree and the country are closed. It possible if the bannister attaches to the wall -it ‘s easy for me to walk and rest for a minute aˆÂ ¦ I ‘m already old Handiness Learn ability -Landmark Memorability Way finding-Signage system Space orientation -distance and relationship Landmark Functions Well being- Emotion Physical Comfort Bored Friendly infinite Entertainment- divert activities privateness, territoriality and societal contact ; Reach ability Physical support flexibleness of design demand for disable The differences issues from two instances Usability standards agencies Pilot 1: Sekarang hujanaˆÂ ¦.daripada tempat letak kereta ke entryway takde bumbung. The lavatory is clean but the door is really heavy for me with wheel chair aˆÂ ¦nice if there were separate male and female spaceaˆÂ ¦ experience more comfortableaˆÂ ¦tired waiting for my ma at that place no H2O ice chest? Aesthetic elements Design visual aspect Ambient Safety component Pilot 2: Kawasan untuk anak2 ade tapiaˆÂ ¦.tak menarik dan tiada permainan -ruang jeraˆÂ ¦kecil sangat pulak tu Kawasan menunggu khat luar ni panas emmmmaˆÂ ¦tiada peneduh dan pokok2 kenapa La takde pokok besar aˆÂ ¦.bolehlah kami rehat aˆÂ ¦.tengoklah kerusi banyakaˆÂ ¦tapi dash rosak -sakit lak tu kalu tunggu lama aˆÂ ¦uhhh bosannyer..nasib baik ade television aˆÂ ¦kalau tunggu khat kedai kopi lagi best boleh sembang-sembang The decision from the two instances we findded that most of the issue higligted aˆÂ ¦related to demands of household membersaˆÂ ¦..and concern their activitive. Hence to deviate their feeling of menunggu terlalu lamaaˆÂ ¦.dan keaadaan sitting country juga memainkan peranan aˆÂ ¦budaya aˆÂ ¦.suka bersembangaˆÂ ¦..lelakiaˆÂ ¦..dan terdapt spiritual and privateness aˆÂ ¦.concern ceperate aˆÂ ¦araea between adult male and adult females Even though from that serviceability issues, in this pilot survey besides we can reason there are several standards impacting that serviceability and influence the respondent satisfaction, which are an outlook of effectual and efficient standards from the service or design. ( Table 3 explains the influences of serviceability standards ) . Table 3: The procedure of patient and visitants experience Patient Procedure: terminal users experience – outpatient service and what service provided? Patient phase outpatient / to specialist clinic service work flow First service Presentment the measure Appointment Expectation Physical journey to clinic Waiting – experience Appointment A ; follow up Coating What Patients need to cognize Accessibility and reach ability facet before enter? Where to travel amp ; referred? How its work – How easy to happen amp ; familiar, how long it takes to make? When, where, how, what outlook When, where, how, what expected How to acquire at that place? What expected? What to do/ How long? What can I/kids/elderly/ immature people do? direction A ; action What should I make next? after / following assignment Where to travel? What Patients need to cognize First service Presentment the measure Expectation enrollment outlook Waiting – experience Physical journey to guard Target country experience patient/visitors stage to inpatient country service work flow Accessibility A ; reach ability facet before enter? Where to travel. How its work – Familiar of the infinite, how long it takes to make the country. When, where, how, what outlook When, where, how, what expected How to acquire at that place? What expected? When will be called? What can I/kids/elderly/ immature people do? Their feeling/action Instruction A ; action. Spatial design/ environment and ambient What should I make next? After / following assignment – Where to travel? { 10pt infinite } Discussion { 10pt infinite } In drumhead, we explore that serviceability principles is human factors. It is a reaction between the applications or proviso of service provided to the user, whether it is good or non.As good as the serviceability parametric quantity is defined the effectivity is, whether the design or installations provided effectual and good to consumers in full and run into the outlook. While Efficiency is related to something that is easy accessible, do non take excessively long to be resolved and it is related to clip and distance. This issue is non often been raise compared to effectiveness standards. Satisfaction is a grade or value of satisfaction related to the both parametric quantities. But all the serviceability standards depend on the background, their physical status and their state of affairs. { 10pt infinite } How to cite Quality Of Outpatient Service Design Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Cross-Gender Communication as a Form free essay sample

Good communication skills are hard to achieve; communication gaps are the biggest problem in misunderstanding the message. Good and effective communication can therefore be affected by many things including the situation, time, culture, and gender. Gender differences in communication may pose problems in interpersonal interactions leading to intolerance, resentment, stress and decreased productivity (Reman 1). So, the assertion that women and men communicate differently is mostly created by socio-cultural environment and behavior.These differences can be seen through the way we raise our children from the earliest age, through verbal and non-verbal communication styles they develop later as adults, and finally it can be seen through the numbers of conducted studies that confirm that differences do exist. From the youngest age of our lives the gender differences start to appear in the way we are taught to communicate. Therefore, we learn appropriate behaviors and roles from the members of same sex, and we learn the consequences for disobedience from the same models as well. Peter Harley presents in his book Interpersonal Communication the idea that show us how gender differences in communication can develop. The study started with the observation of boys and girls spend their time in play in a single sex groups. The study findings show that girls will cooperate and share power, while the boys group is a hierarchy where issues of status and identity are more prominent (198). The way how we raise our kids has the biggest influence in gender differences development.The girls are taught not to sound too aggressive, so they need to lessen what they say. In contrary, desirable behaviors for boys are to speak out loud their mind, not to be shy, not to cry, and to be independent. These different approaches in child rising have crucial influence for the way they will develop a sense of self later in life. According to John Gray: For men this sense of self is defined: through his ability to achieve results. For women this sense of self is defined: through her feelings and the quality of her relationships(qtd. n Hartley 199). In addition, the adult male and female verbal and nonverbal communication can be defined as intercultural communication (B. M. Mulvaney 4). Richard Porter and Larry Samovar define the intercultural communication as whenever a message produces is a member of one culture and a message receiver is a member of another(qtd. in B. M. Mulvaney 3). Non verbal communication is an area where the gender differences are seen as well. According to the Mehrabian Nonverbal communication refers to those actions that are distinct from speech.Thus nonverbal communication includes facial expression, hand and arm movement, posture, position and other movements of the body, legs or feet (qtd. in Reiman 4). In nonverbal communications women are more likely to show empathy, they listen with nodding, they smile and come closer to the speaker. Women use more fluid movement and are most likely to sit close to each other which help them to connect with one another. On the other hand, men in nonverbal communication use more sharp movements; they sit side by side and have wider posture (Reinman 4).Differences in verbal communication refer to word choice, voice patterns and speaker interruption. Women use less vulgar words, use different patterns of intonation, they are more likely to be kind and polite; women use more tags as well. Unlike women, men are more aggressive in communication, and they interrupt way more than woman. †¦men were responsible for 96 per cent of interruptions in conversation between men and women (Hartley 188). Men focus on status and independence; women focus on intimacy and connection – a difference that makes communication between the sexes problematic (Aires 3). All this gender differences that are shown above lead us to stereotypical thinking about gender roles and how we ought to behave to be acceptable members of our gender; however, stereotypical thinking deepens the differences even more. Besides the social behavior, a serious numbers of conducted studies have shown that these differences do exist on the empirical base. Medical studies have shown differences in brain anatomy of males and females. Women have more gray matter in the left language hemisphere of the brain.This study results can explain the difference of male/female behavior and different verbal skills. According to Guatier et al (2009) †¦researchers in France have found differences amongst males and females groups on brain activation strength linked to verbal fluency (qtd. in Reiman 7). Further, Ana Campbell (1989) has found that the brain region involved in verbal ability has greater symmetry in females. Campbell concluded that because of greater symmetry female brain is better organized for communication.This is why women use more words and speak expressively than man (Reiman 7). Even though, all this studies and cultural background teach us to believe in the difference of gender communication, there is no common rule that can be applied in everyday communication. The biggest true in male/female communication is that our responses should not be stereotypical based; instead, we should observe both genders in every single interaction considering race, culture and origin as well.Works Cited Aires, Elizabeth. Men and Woman in interaction: Reconsidering the differences. Oxford University Press, 1996. P3. Print Hartle,Peter. Interpersonal Communication. Florence, KY, USA: Routledge, 1999. P188,198,199. Print Mulvaney, B. Michele. Gender Differences in Communication: An Intercultural Experience. Departement of Communication Florida Atlantic University. n. d. Web. Reinman, Tonya. Gender Differences in communication. n. d. Web. Bodylanguage. com

Rights to Civil Disobedience

Thesis Statement Legal positivism must be committed to the view that there is a right to civil disobedience. In some instances, the failure to have a clear legal meaning of civil disobedience rationalizes the need for guaranteeing the citizens the right without prejudice.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rights to Civil Disobedience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction From a liberal point of view, the government should endure some level of civil disobedience as long as the subsequent actions do not threaten the state security nor infringes on the civil rights of other people. This means there might be a point at which the state could allow the people to express their views without being victimized. Notably, Legal positivism means that someone’s view should not be mistaken for dishonesty. In this regard, the person could suffer severe consequences for exposing his ideas to the authority. I n this case, the authority may take action against the person’s opinion without evaluating its rationale. Therefore, instead of upholding the person’s dignity, the state might subject him/her to harsh punishment for expressing a view that could be important to the security of the country. Therefore, the paper is a critical observation of the law, and tries to justify the need for, and importance of civil disobedience. Discussion Liberalists argue that the state should exercise restraint when deciding and executing punishment to what they term civil disobedience (Dworkin, 2005). In their argument, it is insensitivity to convict someone for the opinion that according to the government is regarded as disobedience, while for the person; the action is regarded as civil right (MacCormick Ota, 2010). Therefore, punishing those who are deemed to be civil disobedient must be done within the limitations of its reliability, impartiality and under the policy guidelines of the sta te. The other issues considered as very important is the fact that the metal soundness of the person feared to be disobedient must also be considered to avid punishing an insane person (MacCormick Ota, 2010). Even to the person regarded as insane, he/she cannot be considered disobedient if the action he/she has committed has not been verified to have contravened the country’s legal system. Perhaps, this is the initial step to make the government allow civil disobedience in the state. Tolerance to disobedience must be with limitation and scope, but liberalized to make sure that the state does not overstep on the rights of the citizens (Dworkin, 2005). Notably, this balance should take care of the implications that rise due to the liberalization of the laws touching on the punishment of people assumed to have engaged in civil disobedience. Civil disobedience should be accepted as long as the people engaged are such activities are prevented from undue legal prosecution from the authorities (Dworkin, 2005). Other than not being subjected to punishment at all, the charges for their activities should be reduced significantly.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many of the legal scholars assert that the success of civil disobedience depends on the extent to which the authority courts penalty, other than evading its execution. Therefore, it is within the right of individuals to demand civil disobedience and be guaranteed to get it. In addition, demanding for this right falls within the moral obligations of the individual and could have numerous implications in the country’s legal arrangement and position (Dworkin, 2005). The citizens have a right to protection and the constitutional provisions because in every day legal practice, the lawyer is always exposed to numerous ethical and/or legal dilemmas. Ethical legal practice demands that the lawyer u phold ethical responsibilities outlined in the code of ethics of their respective countries to determine the nature of disobedience brought before them. Therefore, they have to assess the ethical principles relating to a case where the lawyer hurriedly decided to lie to the convict concerning his/her case and demand for the right to disobedience (MacCormick Ota, 2010). A legal dilemma on the right to disobedience would occur when a lawyer’s decision opposes the laid down rules of the profession and the state laws. Actions relating to civil disobedience would be punishable by law if the person is found guilty of infringing it to those of others (Dworkin, 2005). This stresses the fact that an ethical dilemma would occur when the action violates the values and the morals of the society. In such cases, the cal for right to disobedience might be curtailed. Contrary to the legal actions that are measured by ethics, dishonesty cannot be measured or defined by law, thus advocating f or the right to civil disobedience should only be accepted if the subsequent actions are legal (Thoreau, 2010). Besides, ethics would align more to the individual’s perception of the situation, thus they could not be judged either wrong or right. Ethical problems, which are involved in agitating for civil disobedience include the conflicts between one or more values forcing the lawyer to be uncertain about the correct course of action. Therefore, ethical dilemma occurs when a lawyer would feel indecision or lack of clarity (Tatek, 2010). It could also occur when the lawyer would be unable to identify the moral problem in the case h/she is handling but would feel uneasy. The problem that is evident in the demand for civil disobedience would be associated with the issue of ethical distress and should be addressed before the demands are considered (Tatek, 2010). Therefore, the lawyer is presented to have known the right thing that the people ought to have done, but they opted to give false information to achieve selfish end. In such cases where the values and commitments of the lawyer are compromised due to the external influence, the lawyers’ identity and integrity would be affected.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rights to Civil Disobedience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Legal values would encompass core responsibilities that the lawyers would have to undertake in order to obtain and maintain ethical legal practice (Kramer, 2003). If the rights to civil disobedience are to be guaranteed, the values that accompany it would be prescribed in the legal code of ethics. They would be varied and applicable to different ethical issues depending on the context in which the issues identified would occur (Thoreau, 2010). One of the values that would apply in this case is the lawyer’s responsibility to promote and respect informed decision making. The lawyers handling such request need to recognize, respect and promote the person’s right to be informed and to make decisions (Kramer, 2003). Furthermore, the lawyer has a responsibility to provide the person demanding civil disobedience with the information they need to make informed decisions. The information would ensure that the person takes appropriate action relating to the demand and future behavior (Shapiro, 2007). The lawyer in this case, must provide accurate information to either the family or the person. Another law that could apply in this case would be the provision that the lawyers should preserve dignity at all times while handling the people’s demands (Jabez Cleef, 2008). The value provision requires that the lawyers should recognize and respect the individual values of each person. In all practical settings, the lawyers should ensure that they satisfy the people’s demands by providing appropriate and effective judgment for cases before them. They should also su pport a dignified and peaceful passage of the right to civil disobedience. It could be argued that this would be the reason to clarify the lawyer’s decision to tell lies and pass wrong judgment for the people agitating for civil disobedience, since such decisions do not promote the aggrieved person, neither does it guarantee comfort (Jabez Cleef, 2008). The other value that could be related to, and support the quest for civil disobedience would be the need for the lawyers and people to be accountable. Indeed, it provides that the lawyers and the people should always be accountable for their actions as well as answerable to their practices (Shapiro, 2007). In referring to this value, lawyers are ethically expected to be honest as well as practice with integrity in their professional work, while the people should be cautious when putting across their demands. Lawyers are also expected to practice within the limits of their competence to understand and rationalizes the peopleâ €™s civil demand, thus preventing biasness when performing their duties (Kadish Kadish, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the demands are beyond their level of competence as shown in this scenario, of the right to civil disobedience, the lawyer should have referred the question to other relevant bodies to avoid the ethical liability involved in giving false information to the aggrieved. Self-deception has been dominant in pushing some people to placing such demands, as anticipated in the field of psychology (Sebok, 2008). Though the psychologists have questioned the logic behind the issue of rights to civil disobedience, the belief formation and the subsequent generalities are clarified in the theory of self-deception. According to psychologists, the issue raises the following two logical difficulties (Kadish Kadish, 2010). First is the fact that the ease of framing an evolutionary motive to view self-deception as a mechanism to foster other-deception is not determined and secondly, is that given the fact that after one has succeeded in deceiving oneself, the other people would not be able to det ect the deception thus, it would be illogical to conclude that self-deception evolved to facilitate the deception of others. Generally, this would make one feel that demanding for the right to civil disobedience is normal and one should be guaranteed that right (Kadish Kadish, 2010). While taking an evolutionary approach to self-deception, the proponents argued that self-deception is a process that begins from inside the person lying to the recipient and then back to oneself, thus believing that his/her demands are right (Shapiro, 2007). The psychologists further argue that self-deception evolved to facilitate other-deception. Moreover, they say that it is possible since self-deception enabled people to avoid lie detection mechanisms and thus propagating interpersonal deception (Shapiro, 2007). In this case, the person literally believes that being disobedient is not a crime, and he/she should be granted this by the law (Kadish Kadish, 2010). They also argued that in the same mann er that people deceive others by either avoiding the truth, or exaggerating the truth, people can also deceive themselves by thinking that being disobedient is virtual. The proponents of the rights to civil dishonesty also argued that self-deception comes as a result of biases in information gathering and not by possessing contradictory beliefs (Campbell, 2004). They said that if a person sincerely believes in something and expresses that thing to someone else, the expression does not amount to lies despite the fact that the belief is false. In order to be a liar, the person must be aware that whatever he/she is expressing is false. This premise has been faulted. Despite the above contradictions, the proponents who argue for the rights to civil disobedience have been successful in illustrating that a person’s belief develops in ways relative to his motives (Sebok, 2008). The fact that biased the beliefs result in social gain has also been fully developed and support in the ar ticle. They mentioned and supported the fact that self-deception results in elimination of the costly cognitive load that would be typically associated with deceit, thus the people advocating for the right to dishonesty are justified to do so (Campbell, 2004). The other advantage from their argument is that self-deception would minimize vengeance in case the lie is detected. Summary In conclusion, the rights to civil disobedience is genuine and could be conclusively examined by assessing the psychological status of the person placing such demands. The beliefs that civil disobedience is illegal should be eliminated and be subjected evaluation, interpretation and conclusion rather than taking side that it is unlawful. This way, the argument would be focused on questioning the assumptions that the beliefs on civil disobedience are very useful and true. Therefore, the current arguments that the people are agitating for the rights to civil disobedience is correct are justified provided t hat the activities do not infringe on the rights of the others. References Campbell, T. (2004). Prescriptive Legal Positivism: Law, Rights and Democracy. London: Routledge. Dworkin, R. (2005). Taking Rights Seriously. New York, NY: Wiley. Jabez, L. Cleef, V. (2008). Human Rights and Civil Disobedience. Kindle: Kindle Books. Kadish, S Kadish, M. (2010). Discretion to Disobey. New York, NY: Quid Pro. Kramer, M. (2003). In Defense of Legal Positivism: Law Without Trimmings. Oxford: OUP Oxford. MacCormick, N. Ota, W. (2010). New Approaches to Legal Positivism. New York, NY: Springer. Sebok, J. (2008). Legal Positivism in American Jurisprudence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shapiro, S. (2007). The â€Å"Hart-Dworkin† Debate: A Short Guide for the Perplexed. Michigan: University of Michigan Law School. Tatek, M. (2010). A Critical Analysis on Legal Positivism: and the separation of law and Morals. New York, VDM Verlag. Thoreau, H. (2010). On the Duty of Civil Disobedie nce. Kindle: Kindle Books. This research paper on Rights to Civil Disobedience was written and submitted by user Iman1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Lack of Hope in The Catcher in the Rye Essays

A Lack of Hope in The Catcher in the Rye Essays A Lack of Hope in The Catcher in the Rye Essay A Lack of Hope in The Catcher in the Rye Essay Essay Topic: The Catcher in the Rye While you may feel hopeless during a time of despair, it is often the desire for success that turns despair into hope. To be hopeful, you have a yearning for something to work out the way you wish. When you despair, you are still aware of what could happen, but begin to lose hope. Depending on how strong that feeling is, you might be able to turn it into hope before it is too late. For those who feel despair, they may feel that life is not worth living. Unfortunately for Holden, his feelings of despair have gone too far out of hand. Holden Caulfield, the main character in The Catcher in the Rye, lives a very troubling life. He struggles with staying enrolled and engaged in his classes, has difficulty with friendships due to his constant need to tell lies, and has thoughts of suicide often. It seems that this is a story of despair; Holden’s life lacks any signs of hope. It is clear that he does not have anything to live for since the thought of suicide frequently crosses his mind. Holden has fallen so far into this pit of despair that it is nearly impossible for him to recover. Holden has little desire and motivation at school. He is most recently kicked out of school for failing four out of five of his classes. Upon visiting one of his teachers, his teacher makes comments about how little effort Holden put into the coursework. On his assignment, Holden even wrote his teacher a note stating â€Å"it is all right with me if you flunk me though as I am flunking everything else except English anyway† page 15 Holden is showing his teacher how little his grades matter to him; he is not even hopeful that his teacher will try and pass him. Instead, he gives his teacher the permission, in a sense, to fail him. It wouldnt matter anyway since Holden does not have a chance at passing regardless of his note. Suicide is a reoccurring thought for Holden. There are instances in which he is about to commit suicide; however he refrains from doing

Explaining Cinema Tickets Price Differences Essay - 1

Explaining Cinema Tickets Price Differences - Essay Example The economic principle is known as the Price Elasticity of Demand, which is â€Å"a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.† (Mankiw, p. 90). In simple equation form: This principle can be further characterized in two ways. First, student and senior demand for cinema tickets is considered elastic because a change in ticket price has a measurable impact on the quantity demanded. (If there was little or no change in demand in response to a change in price, demand would be termed inelastic.) Also, because in the cinema situation the numerator of the equation is greater than the denominator, the absolute price elasticity of demand must be greater than 1. (If the numerator were larger than the denominator, the absolute price elasticity of demand would be less than 1.) There may be several economic-based reasons why students and seniors are highly responsive to cinema pricing. For most people, going to the cinema typically would be considered an optional, not a necessary, activity. So in deciding whether to allocate some of their income to attending the cinema most people are more likely to respond to lower prices. Also, many movies eventually are offered on television and DVD, so in deciding whether to allocated some of their income to attending the cinema, most people are more likely to respond to lower prices because they are not risking never seeing the particular movie. Moreover, compared to the average adult, students and seniors are viewed as having less income and so would be more sensitive than most people to each of the above factors and thus more likely to spend if ticket prices are lower.

Children's Literature - instruction through delight Essay

Children's Literature - instruction through delight - Essay Example And hope that they’d tell their parents†¦which is what happened† (In Beckett, 2008:118). Interestingly, in the UK, Northern Lights was marketed for children however it was marketed for both adult and child markets in the US. It was only when the book received outstanding reviews in the US that it attracted adult readership in the UK. As a result â€Å"many critics feel that Pullman’s work can lay better claim to the crossover label because it is much more sophisticated, complex and multi-layered† (Beckett, 2008:117). Moreover, in considering the crossover phenomenon, a British journalist in 1999 commented that â€Å"the real barrier to overcome is not one of the possibilities of the genre but the judges reluctance to value something that could also be valued by a child, believing that if a child could like it, it must be childish for an adult to like it† (In Beckett: 2008:118). To this end, Pullman’s books clearly challenged orthodox attitudes towards children and adult fiction and further forced the literary establishment to acknowledge that â€Å"books published for children are literary works worthy of attention of adults† (In Beckett, 2008:119). However, in turn, this changing shape of children’s literature has fuelled academic debate as to whether Pullman’s dystopian work can correctly be viewed as a children’s book as it confounds the archetypal format of children’s literature that focus on fairytales, utopian ideals and happy endings (Silvey, 2002: 341). Appurtenant to this debate is the contention as to whether the growing phenomenon of such crossover fiction is anti-educational as a result of the instruction through delight paradigm. The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate this debate with contextual reference to Pullman’s â€Å"Northern Lights†, which is the first book in the Dark Materials Trilogy. It is

Dyslexia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dyslexia - Research Paper Example In our brain there is an area known as Wernicke’s area which is also known as general interpretive area. In Wernicke’s area the somatic, visual and auditory association areas meet each other. The Wernicke’s area then interprets the signals of all the three types of sensations. In damage to Wernicke’s area the person may hear normally and can distinguish the different words but it would be impossible for him to arrange the words into specific thoughts. To read correctly, the brain should interpret the visual signals correctly (Guyton & Hall, 2011 p 752, p 758). To interpret it correctly we have a specific area for the interpretation of the visual signals especially symbols and graphics. The area associated with the interpretation of visual information is known as angular gyrus which is located behind the Wernicke’s area in the posterior parietal lobe. Any harm to this area causes difficulty in reading words because the angular gyrus transmits the sig nal from visual cortex to the Wernicke’s area. So the damage of angular gyrus blocks the transmission of visual signals from visual cortex and the person becomes unable to read correctly. This condition is known as dyslexia and is also called word blindness. Anatomically the dyslexic brain has ectopic neurons. A neuron transmits signals when it is excited and in a dyslexic brain the neuron is activated in a distinct manner. This distinct manner of activation of ectopic neuron in a dyslexic person causes difficulty in learning and reading (Hall & Guyton 2011 p 718; Snowling 2011 p1-28). Dyslexia is a disorder which has a high degree of transmission from parent to offspring. Genetic studies have shown that numbers of loci are involved in transmitting dyslexia from parents to offspring. Chromosome 1p, chromosome 2p11, chromosome 3, chromosome 6p, a locus on long arm of chromosome 15 are recognized as the transmitter genes for the dyslexia. A person with dyslexia cannot read prop erly and spells the words incorrectly even if he possesses a normal IQ level (Hall & Guyton 2011 p 718; Snowling 2011 p1-28). A study conducted by Lubs and his colleagues in the year 1988 highlighted the involvement of the chromosome 15 in the development of dyslexia in 30 percent of cases. Dyslexic children face numerous problems as they progress academically. In preschool children the diagnosis of dyslexia is not easy because he or she is not supposed to read and write. But these children show difficulty in speech and difficulty in learning new words. In primary school children a dyslexic patient has difficulty in learning alphabets and letters. A primary school dyslexic child faces the issue of not properly connecting the voices of the alphabets or letters related to that alphabet. He faces problems in rhyming words, mixing up the alphabets and differentiating between letters that make up the same sound for example aminal for animal. Another issue that they face is that of a coun ting i.e. they face major difficulties in basic mathematical calculations. All these problems mix up together to form further issues for the dyslexic children when they advance academically. The dyslexic children in their latter stages of primary school experience difficulty in reading but they can read to some extent. While reading they skip some words, they lose their pace and start reading again and again. They cannot focus on the page while reading and they hardly remember what they have read. They cannot recognize the space that separates words and they

The Hvac System To Water Cooled Chiller Construction Essay

The Hvac System To Water Cooled Chiller Construction Essay Many studies, empirical analysis, and energy consultants repeatedly claim that there is a large unexploited economic potential for saving energy. Usually, this potential is estimated to be in the range of 10 20 %.This dissertation explores the determinants which influence the management of energy efficiency in commercial building, and discuss possibilities how to support the exploitation of energy saving measures. The theoretical concept is based on the ideas of behavioral decision theory and recent research in the field of organization development. In this view, energy related behavior and decision making in commercial building are formed by ability and the readiness to act of the person involved, and by the internal organizational structure, corporate routine and values. Conducting the initial energy audit is a critical hurdle for energy efficiency, regardless whether the audit is integrated in an energy management process or a stand alone activity. The initial energy audit requires readiness to act, considerable effort and an extensive amount of practical and methodical knowledge and know how, which commercial building do not possess. We do the modeling by using the simulate a commercial building. As an example, we identify and thoroughly describe energy saving measures within building heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Taking into account the conditions of initial energy audit, we modal the measurement in such a way that, apart from basic data no further measurement are required to come to conclusion. The information necessary is acquired using formula, data tables, rule of thumb, estimate and cover in a simplified calculating costs of labor, material, equipment of HVAC equipment and system and how to calculate the resultant energy saving. Acknowledgements Abbreviations, Units and Conversion Factor List of symbols Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The use of air conditioning in Hong Kong attributes a large proportion of our total electricity consumption, due primarily to its geographic location and economic activities. In 2004, air conditioning accounted for 30% of the total electricity consumption. Our electricity consumption by air conditioning had a growth of about 17% from 1994 to 2004. The use of air conditioning is expected to grow further in view of our increasing population and economic activities. We therefore need to take measures to improve our energy efficiency, in particular, on air conditioning. Currently, a large amount of energy is being consumed by HVAC systems in buildings. According to the statistics from the Hong Kong SAR government, about 17% of the total energy, which is about 30% of the electric energy (Chow 2006) is being consumed by HVAC systems in buildings. Therefore, energy conservation of HVAC systems in buildings will clearly have a sizeable impact on total energy consumption. Up to date, a lot of efforts have been made in various buildings to minimize the energy consumption in HVAC systems. For example, Marriott (2006) proposed three approaches that can be easily applied in buildings to improve the energy efficiencies of HVAC systems. The approaches are optimizing the supply air temperature, recovering energy from condenser water and making use of the geothermal heat pump system. According to a study conducted by the EMSD, the energy saving from various types of the water-cooled air conditioning system ranges from 14% to 35%. The capital cost of evaporative water-cooled air conditioning system is about 15%Â  lower than air-cooled air conditioning system on new system basis. Hence, if the conversion of existing air-cooled air conditioning system to evaporative water-cooled air conditioning system can be planned at the end of economic life of existing air-cooled air conditioning system, it is likely to have a reduction in replacement cost for choosing evaporative water-cooled air conditioning system in lieu of air-cooled air conditioning system. The operating life of air-cooled packaged chiller condensers is around 15 years while for fresh water cooling towers is around 20 years. Chan (2006) proposed optimum control logic for the HVAC system of a building in Hong Kong, which minimized the mismatch of cooling load demand and chilled water flow demand. Around 435,000 kWh was saved by the developed control logic from June 2003 to May 2004. Mathews et al. (2002) developed a simulation tool, QUICK control. It estimates the effect of different control strategies on the energy saving performance in various buildings. Effects of control strategies such as fan scheduling, set point setback, economizer cycle, new set point, fan control, heat plant control, etc. can be investigated in detail this simulation tool. Mathews et al. used this simulation tool to study the energy saving potential in a conference center in South African. A new control strategy was developed with the aid of this simulation tool. It was predicted that about 58% of the HVAC system energy could be saved. Chan (2006) and Mathews et al. (2002) showed that besides the energy efficiency of the machines (chillers, pumps, fans, etc.), control strategy also plays a very important role on HVAC energy consumption. Kim et al. (2001) conducted a computational fluid dynamic simulation for analyzing the indoor cooling/heating load. It was coupled with a radioactive heat transfer simulation program and a simulated HVAC control system. The output of the simulated HVAC control system can be fed back to the boundary condition of the CFD simulation program and the indoor environment was simulated. New control signal can then be determined based on the indoor environment. Energy saving performance of the control strategy can be investigated accurately. With the same simulation program, thermal comfort can also be estimated by the calculated indoor status using PMV based approach. In this paper, a practical study on energy saving in a commercial building was carried out. Chillers, pumps and the control system were retrofitted based on the analysis of the characteristics of commercial building cooling load. Energy conservation performance of the retrofit was investigated. 1.2 Research questions The aim of this dissertation has been to be answered and prices calculated regardless of what the retrofit involves. What various options are available to rectify this waste, what is the retrofit cost of each and how much will each save in energy cost? What is realistic purchase prices of any equipment needed? How much labor is needed to remove the old one and install the new one What piping, valve and ductwork change will be needed? Hoe much labor will be involved in draining original system, flushing, pressuring, testing and refilling new system and start up? How much will be needed for balancing and adjusting the system and monitoring energy costs? And lastly, the big question, what will the energy saving be with this approach and what is the payback and return on investment? It is absolutely necessary to obtain this information and compare the various avenues available and make a wise decision based on accurate and thorough cost projections and energy saving. 1.3 Research objectives 1.3.1 Main objective The main of the objective is to consideration of perform various retrofit change, calculate the energy saving and the renovation costs. It provides procedure and formulas for energy program, audits, engineering and estimating. 1.3.2 Specific objective The focus of this dissertation is placed on the specific objective is thinking about energy conservation in HVAC system in the following manner. Generalities: Start off energy conservation program thinking in terms of principles or generalities and then follow up with particulars. Think about reducing HVAC loads, O M saving, improving efficiency of equipment and system, reducing flow, etc. Specific: After a general concept is formed then think in terms of specific heating and cooling equipment, particular HVAC system, piping system, ductwork system, insulation, control, etc. Load Variation: Think about hoe the building cooling load may vary due to occupancy, the shifting sun, operations, etc. and about which cooling loads are constant on a daily basis without variation. Low Cost, No Cost Item: Think in terms of no cost, low cost energy saving measures which can be done easily and quickly and which may have phenomenal payback. Capital Investment Item: Then think in term of capital investment energy improvement searching for those with the greatest energy savings and the highest rate return or fastest payback. Electrical: Distinguish electrical consumption cost of fans, pumps, chillers, condenser, cooling tower, lighting etc. 1.4 Research methodology This dissertation using the regression analysis method for establishing the commercial baseline. Regression analysis involves finding the relationship that shows how energy use alters with changes to an independent variable or variables. This relationship can be used to quantify energy use for different values of the independent variables. Data is collected over the same time period and interval for the proposed independent variables and the dependent variable, in this case energy consumption. The data is then analyzed to develop an equation, generally linear, that describes the relationship or regression line. This line is an estimate of the dependant variable for values of the independent variable or variables. Independent variables that affect energy consumption can include factors such as production rate, product mix, raw material, occupancy and ambient temperature. 1.5 Structure of the dissertation Chapter 2 provide review of existing literature for actual research process of energy saving technique, thereby providing the basis technical information for the energy saving. The chapter begins by estimate the energy auditing for the commercial building and then provides the energy consumption of the commercial building and a methodology for retrofit cost and analysis, financial evaluation. Chapter 3 addresses research methodology used to generate the energy conversion model for the process used in this study. In additional to this, data collection for Secondary data and Primary data are defined. Chapter 4 deals empirical simulation using case studies of actual commercial building. This lead to discuss on the procedure and applicability of the models for auditing, retrofit Cost and Analysis, financial Evaluation, as well as an explanation of the energy cost saving that can be obtained as a result. Chapter 5 concludes the theoretical and the empirical findings and closes the research report by summing up the results and providing ideas for further research. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Energy Audit The purposed of an energy audit is to determine the energy consumption and cost of overall building and of its specific components, the structure, system and equipment. It is to generate energy improvement options, to project energy saving, to estimate the cost of energy improvement, calculate payback, and on this basis evaluate the various options. The code of practice mentions the energy audit in Hong Kong. As state by EMSD, (2010) the technical guidance and details in respect of the energy audit requirements under the Ordinance. Energy audits conducted in accordance with this Energy Audit Code are deemed to have satisfied the relevant requirements of the Ordinance in the technical aspects. Energy Audit Code is developed by the EMSD in conjunction with various professional institutions, trade associations, academia and government departments. (EMSD 2007) In fact, the guideline of energy audit indications that an effective energy management tool. By identifying and implementing the means to achieve energy efficiency and conservation, not only can energy savings be achieved, but also equipment/system services life can be extended. All these mean savings in money. Based on the principle of The less energy is consumed, the less fossil fuels will be burnt, the power supply companies will generate relatively less pollutants and by-products. Therefore, all parties concerned contribute to conserve the environment and to enhance sustainable development. (International Congress ISPE/PDA Pharmintech 2010) Given that case study at Sanofi Midy Research Center covers a renovation of a research centre included the data collection review of the documentation it is possible to identify the facility weak points. The example of site survey for verify the consistency of the documentation and the identify the major problems to identify areas more easily upgradeable According to recent research by (Robert Greenwald 2004), are presentations the overview of the energy audit and conducting the energy audit process included data gathering, utility analysis, inventory and review of equipment performance, measurements and monitoring, identify potential energy conservation measures, analysis of saving potential, financial analysis and reporting. The (Minnesota Legislature and the Governor commissioned the Minnesota Department 2007) of Commerce to work with the University of Minnesota, Minnesota State Colleges and Universities (MnSCU), and state agencies to identify barriers, describe the costs and benefits of actions that would lead to an annual 1.5 percent energy savings energy used in buildings, and develop policy recommendations that could lead to those actions. The report provides background on energy savings in government buildings and addresses the questions asked by the state law. It also found that state government-owned buildings are a significant potential source of energy savings. The government is in a unique position to think about the long-term implications of present day decisions. Through leading by example, the government can serve as a platform for the development and implementation of energy savings programs, policies and technologies. That said, there are information, organization, and resource barriers t o achieving energy savings in Minnesota government buildings. 2.2 Energy Saving Technical As a corollary (ASHRAE 2011) provide recommendations to design a low-energy-use building and is not a minimum code or standard. The Guide provides both multidisciplinary design strategies and prescriptive design packages to significantly reduce energy consumptions in small to medium office buildings. Even though several design packages are provided in the document, this Guide represents a way, but not the only way, to build energy-efficient small to medium office buildings with 50% energy savings. Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Use of this Guide can help in the design of major renovations that consume substantially less energy compared to the minimum code-compliant design, resulting in lower operating costs. This Guide presents a broad range of subject matter, including broad concepts such as the integrated design process, multidisciplinary design strategies, and design tips and good practices on specific energy systems, while the focus of this G uide, especially the later chapters, is on building and system details that can help achieve the desired results. (Dr. James Brodrick, 2002) disturb on surveys of the HVAC literature, identified 170 technology options that could potentially reduce the energy consumption of HVAC systems in commercial buildings. After developing first-cut energy savings potential estimates for each option, 55 options were selected for further study in consultation with a range of HVAC experts Each of the 55 options received further study, including more detailed investigation of their technical energy savings potential, current and future economics (cost), barriers to achieving their full market potential. Many of the 40 technologies have significant technical energy savings potentials. Many of the 15 technologies selected for refined study have significant technical energy savings potential, combined with attractive or reasonable simple payback periods. Three of the options, Novel Cool Storage, Variable Refrigerant Volume/Flow, and Adaptive/Fuzzy Control, had highly variable simple payback periods that did not re adily translate into an average simple payback period, while the simple payback period for Microenvironments exceeded 100 years. Except the above energy saving potential of Literature Review, some valuable Specific topics are shown as below. 2.2.1 Automatic Tube Cleaning System As the condenser is an important component in the chilled water system, the operating condition of the condenser is the key factor that affects the efficiency of the unit. However, the condenser will be seriously deteriorated by the debris and foul ants accumulated in the tubes of the condensers. When fouling and scaling in the condenser increase, the heat transfer efficiency will be decrease, resulting in more power consumption of the chiller. The Engineering Department of The Park Lane hotel identified the above problem and started to install an automatic tube cleaning system called CQM for chiller in October 2003. The system has been running for 12 months. Feedback from operators and engineers are good, In the COP comparison approach, the percentage of energy saving was 11.9% and the average COP was improved from 3.7 to 4.2. ( Richmond Consulting Engineers, 2005 ). Further more, (Wallace Wu Dave Chan, 2003) proves that estimate the improvement on COP is around 11.8% and CQM Automatic Tube Cleaning System can greatly improve the heat transfer efficiency of the condenser tube and save significant amount of energy in water cooled chiller. Besides, from the economic analysis, it shows that the payback is less than 2 years. 2.2.2 Retrofit of the HVAC system to Water Cooled Chiller The (EMSD 2000) of HKSAR completed a Preliminary Phase Consultancy Study (PPCS) regarding Wider Use of Water-cooled air conditioning system in Hong Kong was completed in April 1999. The PPCS established the technical viability of the wider application of WACS and its economic/environmental benefits. The implementation study for WACS in Hong Kong was commissioned in 2000 to examine in greater details on technical viability, financial viability, infrastructure works, land use, traffic impact, environmental/health issues, and regulatory control; especially for nondomestic buildings. A study guide done by HKUST Research, (2005), describe energy saving in a hotel HVAC system was carried out. It included replacement of the chillers and pumps. In review the retrofit of the hotel HVAC system, the improved energy efficiency resulted from three aspects, i.e., improved energy efficiency of the chillers, improved energy efficiency of the pumps and the intelligent control system. Comparing the COPs of the original and the new chillers, it is seen that the new chillers has an energy efficiency about 18% to 36% higher than the original chillers which may contribute to about 14.4% to 28.8% of the total energy saving. The efficiency of the new pumps is estimated to be 30% higher than the original pumps. As the pumps generally consume about 20% of the total chiller/pump system energy, the replacement of the pumps contributes to about 6% of the total energy saving. Then, the remaining 27% to 45% of the energy saving should result from the intelligent control system. With the new system, 63% to 74% of the chiller/pump energy was saved. The result shows that a considerable amount of energy can be saved in hotels with a good control syst em and high efficiencies of the chillers and pumps. (Kenny Chan 2009) research claims the investigate for sustainable design and life cycle costing considerations in adopting relevant air-conditioning system to cater for long range planning in facility/maintenance management. Form the research and analysis, conversion from ACAS to WCAS would save around 35% running costs. 2.2.3 Variable speed drives A case study done by ( G Jones 2009) to compares the energy consumption of the centrifugal fan when driven by a star/delta starter and using variable speed drives to control motor speed. During the initial monitoring of the energy consumption, the centrifugal fan was controlled by the original star/delta starter. This had been the method of controlling the fan since the machine was initially installed/ commissioned. After the fan had been running for over 390 hours the exact run-time and energy consumption was recorded. The Motor Control Warehouse then replaced the star/delta starter for a 22kW open loop Inverter. After optimizing the Inverter settings, the fan was used in normal production and after approximately 300 hours, as with the star/delta starter the exact run-time and energy consumption was recorded. Changing the 22kW centrifugal fan control from a star/delta starter to an Inverter introduced an energy saving of 41.3%. ( Lappeenranta x.x.2008 ) analyses the calculation of Fan and Pump energy saving tools calculation. With these programs energy consumption of variable speed drive control for fans and pumps can be compared to other control methods. With Fan centrifugal and axial fans can be examined and Pump deals with centrifugal pumps. By means of these programs also suitable frequency converter can be chosen from the ABB collection. 2.3 Conclusion on the literature review The chapters above have discussed the related information for the dissertation to assist estimate, measure, evaluate and track energy savings, quantifiable costs and benefits created as a result of implementing energy efficiency opportunities. Specific improve the understanding of how to forecast and measure energy savings, realize energy savings by accurately quantifying the whole of business costs, benefits and payback of energy efficiency opportunities, determine the economic value of an energy efficiency opportunity so that investment quality information is provided to company decision makers and quantify the accuracy range for each stage of the energy savings analysis. 3. Methodology 3.1 Research Methodology This dissertation is descriptive in nature: it aims to describe the energy saving of the commercial building. Time wise, it focuses on the year 2009, when the research was carried out. Changes in commercial buildings energy consumption between earlier studies and the present one are also observed. To construct a comprehensive picture of the studied phenomenon, the present research utilized both quantitative and qualitative data and means of analysis. This study is divided into two parts. The theoretical part of the study is a literature review. This existing theory was used as a conceptual tool to gain a more structured understanding of the energy consumption and saving potential of commercial building. Based on the theoretical part, an initial understanding of the commercial building of energy use was built. The empirical part of the study consisted of one case studies that provided energy consumption of commercial building and the building description of Category, Heating and cooling system, etc. should be present. The research focused on describing the situation of the problem with the existing HVAC system and building and proposed energy saving method of renovation. The data collected in the theoretical part was also utilized in the empirical part in estimating the current energy consumption of commercial building. 3.2 Data Collection 3.2.1 Secondary data collection Secondary data sources were utilized both in the theoretical part and the empirical part of this study. Most of the sources used in the literature review were either article published in journals and in industry magazines or conference papers that were accessible through the databases of the Public library. In addition, publicly available resources such as reports from EMSD were used. The secondary data collected for the empirical part consisted of technical details from device manufacturers websites. 3.2.2 Primary data collection The primary data for this research was collected used Hong Kong energy efficiency and conservation competition awards were organized by EMSD. These were used in the empirical part of the study. To estimate the energy consumption of the commercial building in Hong Kong. The dissertation consult the competition awards of the energy saving method to adopted for estimate the energy saving. 3.2.3 Problems related to data collection The energy analysis was the most problematic part of the data collection phase. This was due to involve much formulation of the questions and lack of open source. It turned out that did not have such information. In the device convergence case, the purpose was to compare devices in terms of their life cycle energy consumption. However, life cycle energy data was available for only a few products. Information on the weight of the products was readily available on the manufacturers web sites. In turn, data from which energy consumption could be estimated had to be collected from various sources, including Manufacturer technical report, product descriptions at Internet retailers websites and external party sites. Even so, the data sometimes had to be completed with educated guesses. 3.3 Data analysis The collected data help to develop a strategic plan for energy decisions, just as they would for other key business decisions. A major focus of an energy management plan is performing a self-assessment to identify energy savings opportunities. 4. Results, discussion and evaluation The typical 34 storey Commercial Building situated at Causeway Bay of Hong Kong Island. used as an caste study in this dissertation was built in 1992. Overall the HVAC, electrical and plumbing system in the building consumed total $ 8 million for the year. Generate and develop potential energy saving improvement, operation and maintenance correction, reducing flows and resistance of HVAC system, considering more energy efficient equipment and system, lighting, electrical, control, heat recovery possibilities, solar, etc. Then, calculate the potential energy saving of the various improvements and estimate the retrofit costs involved. Lastly, evaluate payback and return on investments. 4.1 Energy Auditing An energy audit involves the systematic review of the energy consuming equipment/systems in a building to identify energy management opportunities, which provides useful information for the building owner to decide and implement energy saving measures for environmental consideration and economic benefits. The purpose of an energy audit is to determine the energy consumption and costs of the overall building and its specific components, the structure, system and equipment, it is to generate energy improvement options, to project energy saving, to estimate the cost of energy improvement, calculate payback, and on this basis evaluate the various options. A good audit is diagnostic in nature, develops a valid prognosis of the cause of energy wastes, and leads to scientific establish remedies. There are two basic phases phase or type of audit, short walk through audits and in depth detail audits, either of the entire building or of only select parts of building. 4.1.1 Collecting Building Information The audit team should then proceed to collect information on the building. The information should include:- General building characteristics such as floor areas, numbers of end-users, construction details, building orientation, building facade, etc.; Technical characteristics of energy consuming equipment/ systems, design conditions and parameters; Building services design report with system schematic diagrams and layout drawings showing system characteristics; Equipment/system operation records, including data logs of metered parameters on temperature, pressure, current, operational hours, etc.; Record of EMOs already implemented or to be implemented; Record of maximum demand readings; OM manuals and testing and commissioning (TC) reports Energy consumption bills in previous three years. In general, it should be assumed that the building manager would have information on general building characteristics and the OM personnel would keep the equipment/system technical and operation records. The audit team should determine the appropriate parties to be approached for information collection, the need to discuss with these parties for familiarization of the building, the equipment/ systems to be investigated and data verification and the need to discuss with selected end-users. The audit team should consider issuing questionnaires to end-users to collect information on thermal comfort, lighting comfort, operational hours of individual floors/offices, electrical equipment and appliances, etc. 4.1.2 Conducting Site Survey and Measurement More activities should include the following actions:- Proceed to plan the site survey for the areas and the equipment/systems to be investigated. Develop energy audit forms to record the findings. Plan ahead on the site measurement to supplement or verify the information collected. The measurements should focus on equipment/systems that inadequate information is available to determine their efficiency and equipment/systems that appear to be less efficient. 4.1.3 Analyzing Data Collected At this stage of the audit, the audit team has collected a lot of information on:- Equipment/system characteristics obtained from site surveys; Equipment/system performance data obtained from OM log sheets; Equipment/system performance data obtained from site measurements; and Equipment/system operating conditions of equipment/systems based on design and/or general engineering practices. Based on the above, the audit team should screen and spot the parameters with values and trends that deviate from what would be anticipated or required respectively. These are the potential EMOs. However, they should take into account the analysis of the irregularities caused by changes in occupancy or other activities. 4.1.4 Costing To identify the improvement works for the potential EMOs, calculations should be performed to substantiate the improvement works by quantifying energy savings. In evaluating the effectiveness of an EMO, the auditor has to calculate the payback period, net present worth or rate of return. Most calculations can be done using simple payback approach by dividing the EMOs capital cost by the cost of anticipated annual energy saving to obtain the payback period in years. However, if there are appreciable deviations between the trends of energy cost and the interest rate or if the capital costs of EMOs are to be injected at different stages with different energy savings achievable at different times, the audit team may have to perform a life cycle cost assessment that can better reflect the cost effectiveness of EMOs. 4.1.5 Annual Monthly Energy Consumption Profile Based on the energy consumption bills over past years (preferably 3 or more), the auditor should estimate the annual energy use of the building. Graphs of energy consumption against different mon