Las generalidades de la gestión

Las generalidades de la gestià ³n Free Online Research Papers Las generalidades de la gestià ³n La mayorà ­a de las empresas que ingresan o trabajan en los mercados usualmente tienen que ajustar sus modelos de negocios, hacer una reingenierà ­a de sus productos o servicios, y explorar nuevas alternativas y caminos de distribucià ³n. No existe una solucià ³n universal. Algunos modelos de negocios ya han sido explorados y ofrecen buenas pautas para futuros enfoques y la inclusià ³n econà ³mica de las mayoristas. Estas nuevas alternativas, muchas veces son expandidas por personas con experiencia los cuales prefieren emprender una carrera en negocios personales antes de sacrificar su vida en una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que nos les pertenece. El caso de Kathy Kudler quien fue la Vicepresidenta de Mercadotecnia, cansada de constantes viajes y presiones de la vida empresarial, desarrolla un plan de negocios en el que consiguià ³ financiamiento y abrià ³ su primera tienda Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) en La Jolla, San Diego. Estas decisiones y cambios radicales de personas con puestos envidiables en compaà ±Ãƒ ­as grandes y multinacionales, son unas que vemos todos los dà ­as. La mayorà ­a de estos ejecutivos son excelentes administradores y là ­deres en su rama, pero prefieren tomar ventaja de todas las tà ©cnicas y herramientas que aprendieron durante su carrera profesional e implantarlas en su propio negocio. Los là ­deres deben analizar primero la situacià ³n y descubrir los factores clave en las tareas, los empleados y la organizacià ³n, que indican cual estilo serà ­a à ³ptimo para esa combinacià ³n, (Davis Newstrom, 2003). Como parte de su plan estratà ©gico, Kathy se asegura que entiende las necesidades de sus clientes y se enfoca en sus diferenciadores del mercado al proveer productos de alta calidad en su moderna panaderà ­a estilo europeo. Adems ofrece tambià ©n carnes, pescados, mariscos y productos agrà ­colas en donde ofrece ms de 350 variedades de frutas, verduras, hierbas y especies frescas. KFF es una tienda de alimentos de especialidad dirigida a un estrato social alto y ubicado en el rea metropolitana de San Diego. La misià ³n de Kudler Fine Foods es ofrecer a los clientes lo mejor en productos alimenticios y vinos selectos, asà ­ como lo concerniente a las necesidades relacionadas en un ambiente sin paralelo para el consumidor, (University of Phoenix, 2008, prrafo 3). KFF esta presidida por Kathy Kudler que cuenta con tres gerentes de tienda; Laurie Priest, gerente de la tienda de Del Mar, Juanita Là ³pez y Kent Vesper, gerentes de las tiendas de Encinitas y La Jolla respectivamente. Cada gerente es responsable a su vez por cada una de sus tiendas en particular. Los productos y servicios ofrecidos estn divididos por departamentos tales como: 1. Departamento de panaderà ­a y reposterà ­a recià ©n horneada, que a su vez es dirigido por un gerente y seis asistentes. 2. Departamento de productos agrà ­colas y alimenticios, que a su vez es dirigido por un gerente y dos asistentes. 3. Departamento de carnes, pescados y mariscos frescos, que a su vez es dirigido por un gerente y cinco asistentes. 4. Departamento de quesos, vinos y licores, que a su vez es dirigido por un gerente y un asistente. Como parte de la misià ³n empresarial de KFF, provee las mejores selecciones en sus productos y reclutar el mejor personal para poder ofrecer a cada consumidor una experiencia placentera, se asignà ³ a Ivonne Reynolds como directora de operaciones, la cual recaen las responsabilidades de compras e inventario. Brenda Wagner, directora de administracià ³n y recursos humanos, se enfoca en el reclutamiento de personal diestro y servicial. Finalmente, Harvey Stephens, actà ºa como director de contabilidad y finanzas. El grado de innovacià ³n que KFF hace referencia al desarrollo de sus actividades de negocio pueden maximizarse con el uso del Internet. Cada dà ­a surgen nuevas plataformas que posibilitan a KFF descubrir las funcionalidades y servicios que el Internet ofrece, facilitando que estas ventajas no sean sà ³lo para una pequeà ±a elite. Mediante la planificacià ³n colaborativa entre KFF y sus suplidores, la empresa puede comunicarse y compartir inventarios. De esa forma, los proveedores saben que productos se estn moviendo ms y pueden reaccionar a las necesidades de KFF rpidamente. Un catlogo virtual expone todos los productos y servicios que KFF puede ofrecer y siempre con la flexibilidad de acomodar cualquier orden que los clientes necesiten ubicar. El à ©xito de estas iniciativas demuestra que a veces las soluciones aparentemente mas sencillas para el usuario son las que logran imponerse y que en numerosas ocasiones la creatividad gana la partida a la sofisticacià ³n, (Subirana, 2007). El Internet fomenta la capacidad del comercio electrà ³nico para KFF a travà ©s de reduccià ³n de costos de distribucià ³n, la posibilidad de acceder a nuevos mercados y la posibilidad de un gran impacto en su mercado actual y sobreponer sus ventajas comparativas de servicio y excelentes productos frescos sobre sus competidores. Las barreras de ingreso al mundo del comercio electrà ³nico son relativamente bajas, (Thompson Jr. Strickland III, 2004). El costo de establecer una pgina en el Internet y sus programas bases no son costosos. De esa forma, es ms fcil para KFF navegar por el Internet y escoger diferentes diseà ±os y modificarlos. Esto ayuda a reducir costos de diseà ±o y tiempo del programador. Finalmente, el Internet puede ayudar a maximizar los costos operacionales de KFF mediante el control absoluto de sus inventarios, embarques y ventas diarias. La utilizacià ³n de data real y al segundo, es una gran herramienta para que sus directores y gerentes puedan tomar decisiones sabias y con fundamento ayudando a maximizar los recursos laborales que eventualmente, impactan positivamente a sus clientes. Citas bibliogrficas Daccach, J. C. (July 3, 2007). Opinià ³n-Principal factor para tener à ©xito en Internet; [Source: El Reporte Delta]. NoticiasFinancieras, pg.1. Retrieved September 28, 2008, from ProQuest Newsstand database. (Document ID: 1298857651). Davis, K. Newstrom, J.W. (2003). Comportamiento Humano en el trabajo, (e.11) Capitulo 7: Liderazgo. [Coleccià ³n de libros electrà ³nicos de la University of Phoenix]. Mà ©xico: McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Consultado el 28 de Septiembre de 2008 en la University of Phoenix, rEsource. Herramientas de aprendizaje: Sitio Web del Curso de MBA507. Subirana, B. (April 4, 2007). Second Life, ms all de la tecnologà ­a. Economista. Retrieved September 28, 2008, from Latin American Newsstand database. (Document ID: 1249448021). Thompson Jr., A. Strickland III, A. J. (2004). Administracià ³n estratà ©gica, (e.13) Capitulo 7: Modelos y estrategias de negocios en la era de internet. [Coleccià ³n de libros electrà ³nicos de la University of Phoenix]. Mà ©xico: McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Consultado el 28 de Septiembre de 2008 en la University of Phoenix, rEsource. Herramientas de aprendizaje: Sitio Web del Curso de MBA507. University of Phoenix. (2008). Kudler Fine Foods [Misià ³n empresarial]. Consultado el 28 de Septiembre de 2008 en la University of Phoenix, rEsource. Herramientas de aprendizaje: Sitio Web del Curso de MBA507. Research Papers on Las generalidades de la gestià ³nResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWLifes What IfsThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example In additional, traditional techniques such as billboards and catalogues are also recommended. Apart from that modern techniques such as social media advertisement, in store promotion are also recommended pt the company. With such approaches it is expected that Trung Nguyen will be able to reach a good position in UK coffee industry. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 The plan 5 Conclusion 11 Appendix 12 Bibliography 14 Introduction It has been recommended that a strategy of franchising is undertaken in importing Vietnamese coffee to the UK market. The prime intention is operate effectively in the UK market and pursue development and focus strategy. On the basis of this a promotional plan has been developed which considers the use of different type of promotional activities such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations and sponsorships. It has been suggested that the in UK market promotional activities such as advertising in magazines and newspapers, broadca sting advertising including television, radio, billboards and catalogues are useful. In addition, it was also suggested that the company should also use social networking websites to promote the product in the UK market. Furthermore, Trung Nguyen Coffee also intends to influence and persuade buy their offerings through premium and discounts coupons, offering samples to show the distinct advantages of fresh coffee and a website that provides information about the company (Trung Nguyen Company, 2013). It is believed that the suggested strategy almost covers all the aspects of marketing and if properly implemented can provide the company with good results. Hence, the recommend strategy is accepted and a promotional plan for the same will be developed through this project. This study will now present a promotional plan which is to be undertaken by Trung Nguyen to promote their product. The promotional plan is responsible for creating awareness about Vietnamese coffee. Hence for this pur pose, this paper will first shed light on the target market for the product and will also underline the way of promoting, selling and distributing the product. A SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time bound) objective will be also developed to ensure effective implementation of the promotional plan. Furthermore, a rough budget and a timeline for the entire promotional plan will be developed. Lastly, an overall conclusion will be drawn. The plan Target Market It is essential to define the target market clearly in order to develop an effective promotional plan (Hollensen, 2007). It was recommended to the company that they should target niche market segment, especially because other established players such as Starbucks, Costa and Nestle are highly competitive. Moreover, being a new player, it will be difficult for the company to compete with them on a large scale. This is the reason why the company is recommended to cater to specific sections of the society. Trung Ng uyen has been recommended with two different target segments. The first one is people who work and study like wringing professional, students and the second group is the coffee lovers. Target Group 1 Students and Working Professions Target Group 2 Coffee Lovers Product Distribution The distribution of products is another important activity of marketing. There are number of cases where a good product has failed sustain in the market due to poor

Modern Day Slavery in the Middle East Research Paper

Modern Day Slavery in the Middle East - Research Paper Example In other cases, children are obliged to labor as slaves through forced marriages and as child soldiers. Studies show that there are more slaves in the 21st era than during any earlier time. Slavery has been in existence in numerous cultures and it predates inscribed records. The figure of slaves currently continues to be as high as 13million to 28 million. Many of them are debt slaves, mostly in South Asia. The slaves are on debt bondage bought upon by lenders, at times even for decades. Slaves and the work they provided were economically crucial in the pre-industrial communities. This paper will therefore discuss how to end modern slavery in the Middle East. An objector's work is not once done. In 1807March 25th, two hundred centuries ago following vigorous petitioning headed by Wilberforce William, Parliament rendered it illegitimate for British vessels to move slaves and importation of slaves by British colonies. (Denmark actually had passed the same law three years previously, ne vertheless only Danes reminisce that.) In 1948, the United Nations seemed to end what Wilberforce & Co hadbegun. This is signifiedin simple language in the (UDHR) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 4: â€Å"Nobody shall be seized in servitude orslavery; slave trade and the slavery shall be forbidden in all theirtypes.† Slavery was formally a worldwide no-nothis is according to â€Å"The Economist†(Of inhuman bondage par. 1). However, in 2007 no one knew there would be many more servitudes in the domain than ever formerly this is according to â€Å"The Economist†(Of inhuman bondage par. 2). An International Labor Organization report proposes slightly 12.3m. While others say, the total figure is approximately 27m. Majority of slaves are in Latin America and Asia. Kevin Bales a sociology professorat University of Roehampton assesses that the cost of an average slave is $100. The charge differs around the domain, and whereas one couldprocure a 20-year-ol d man plantation worker from West Africa for $50, the charge of a good-looking Ukrainian female in North America couldrun overto thousands. When we contemplate of bondage, we incline to contemplate of the 19th-period â€Å"chattel† diversity—Africans fastened in irons, sold off like livestock and hurled to harvest cotton into the Deep South. Overall, modern suppression does notappear —oroperate —greatly like that. Conferring to â€Å"The Economist†(Of inhuman bondage par. 3) what current slaves dobearsome similarity with their cotton-harvesting predecessors, nonetheless, is they cannot picktheir situation and cannot escape it. The major common type of captivity is bonded labor, wherein labor is procured as reimbursement for a debt. It is prevalent inPakistan, India and Nepal. The whole familymay be subjugated in this manner; typically, they happen to be low-caste and untouchable members of the community. Interest is ratedcovering the original debt sum and the pledge can be passed on from one generation to another. Bonded labor may seem as if it has an intended aspectthat excludes it as bondage. However,rendering to â€Å"The Economist†(Of inhuman bondage par. 3) most bonded laborers bear no preference and their share is in fact that of chattel servitude. Other types of slavery are thriving also according to â€Å"The Economist† (Of inhuman bondage par. 4). In Sudan, children and women are kidnapped and auctioned to government-sponsored guerrillas. In Brazil, farmers clear the forest at

Understanding of culture and cultural differences as fundamental for Essay

Understanding of culture and cultural differences as fundamental for international marketing - Essay Example The researcher states that culture and cultural differences has not only impacted on the effectiveness of firms with respect to international competitiveness, but has also progressively generated negative effects regarding efficient usage of international marketing resources. Success of international firms is basically dependent on their international marketing strategies that incorporate cross-cultural intelligence aspects. Moreover, international marketing professionals continuously seek to understand global cultures and cultural differences that exist in the international specific markets ventured. Understanding cultural variations that exists among customers and target markets is important for developing an international marketing strategy that is universal and covers all customer needs. Application and outcome of professional marketing largely depends on the extent to which cultural differences are evident among customers. Firm’s competitiveness in the international marke t recognizes cross-cultural factors as determining factors with which comprehensive information is gathered from the various markets to enable formulation of best marketing strategies. Generally, cross-cultural analysis in the international market is similar to domestic market analysis, although international analysis places much emphasis on cultural aspects due to cross border cultural variations. However, domestic markets have also continued to diversify their cultures although as much as the international markets. ... However, domestic markets have also continued to diversify their cultures although as much as the international markets. Political, cultural, and social barriers and variation in the international markets have remained significant challenges to multinational companies that fail to recognize variations, and thus need for different business strategies. Nevertheless, international marketing strategies are more complex and sophisticated with respect to cross border variations as compared to domestic marketing strategies (Rugimbana & Nwankwo, 2003, p.331). International marketing recognizes a variety of cultural aspects that define one country’s culture from the other. Culture is defined and differentiated by technologies with regards to timing, moving, storing, analyzing, and producing information, as well as motives, accuracy, types, timeliness of data collection, language barriers, ethical standards, and attitudes of individuals collecting information. Different clients from dif ferent cultures seek to satisfy similar needs in different ways, which constitute cultures and common practice. Marketing professionals need to devise marketing strategies and products that are not biased to a particular culture, and are able to cover all cultural needs in question. Through research and information analysis, marketing professionals are able to understand the different needs of their customers with regards to their cultural variations. Cross-cultural analysis is carried out by relevant marketing professionals on the target markets of the firms they work for. International marketers seek to analyze particular cultures and the differences pertaining to their marketing strategies using relevant models of study and analysis. Here, cross-cultural research models used by

Luke Skywalker Typical Hero :: essays papers

Luke Skywalker Typical Hero â€Å"I want to come with you to Alderaan. There's nothing here for me now. I want to learn the ways of the Force and become a Jedi like my father.† With this statement, Luke Skywalker is already on his way towards a story that is both familiar and different to all heroes. He identifies with several reoccurring traits that many heroes are cast with. Luke is estranged from his natural parents and, as he gets older, finds himself anxious to pull away from his loving foster parents and become a man of his own. After Luke’s foster parents are killed, he decides to help former Jedi warrior, Obi Wan Kenobi, aid the Rebel Alliance in restoring freedom to the galaxy, to learn the ways of the Force, and become a Jedi. Odi Wan becomes Luke’s teacher and is later replaced by Yoda, who has trained Jedi warriors for eight hundred years. Many heroes have to defeat a threshold guardian. In Luke Skywalker’s case, Darth Vador is that threshold guardian. When the Rebels are trying to destroy the death star, Luke is faced with the difficulty of choosing between trusting the Force or a machine to help him dodge Darth Vador’s laser blasts. Han Solo and his sidekick, Chewbacca, play a role in helping Luke here. They surprisingly reappear in their junky pirate ship and shoot down one of Vador’s wingmen. Vador’s other wingman is startled by the oncoming ship and swerves into Darth Vador’s ship damaging one of his wings and sending him spinning out into space. Skywalker’s real training begins after the demise of the Death Star when he goes to the Dagobah system to be trained by Yoda. Here, Luke travel’s into the Star Wars version of a netherworld, a place where both sides of the Force exist. Although it isn’t specified how long Luke is in the Dagobah system, but it appears to be three days. On his second day, Yoda instructs Luke to go into a cave where the dark side of the force is especially strong. Inside, Luke is put to the test mentally when Darth Vador emerges from the darkness. They partake in a light saber fight and Luke slices off Vador’s head. The mask cracks open and reveals Luke’s face. I is an extremely shocking experience for Luke and it also foreshadows Luke Skywalker’s origins. Luke Skywalker Typical Hero :: essays papers Luke Skywalker Typical Hero â€Å"I want to come with you to Alderaan. There's nothing here for me now. I want to learn the ways of the Force and become a Jedi like my father.† With this statement, Luke Skywalker is already on his way towards a story that is both familiar and different to all heroes. He identifies with several reoccurring traits that many heroes are cast with. Luke is estranged from his natural parents and, as he gets older, finds himself anxious to pull away from his loving foster parents and become a man of his own. After Luke’s foster parents are killed, he decides to help former Jedi warrior, Obi Wan Kenobi, aid the Rebel Alliance in restoring freedom to the galaxy, to learn the ways of the Force, and become a Jedi. Odi Wan becomes Luke’s teacher and is later replaced by Yoda, who has trained Jedi warriors for eight hundred years. Many heroes have to defeat a threshold guardian. In Luke Skywalker’s case, Darth Vador is that threshold guardian. When the Rebels are trying to destroy the death star, Luke is faced with the difficulty of choosing between trusting the Force or a machine to help him dodge Darth Vador’s laser blasts. Han Solo and his sidekick, Chewbacca, play a role in helping Luke here. They surprisingly reappear in their junky pirate ship and shoot down one of Vador’s wingmen. Vador’s other wingman is startled by the oncoming ship and swerves into Darth Vador’s ship damaging one of his wings and sending him spinning out into space. Skywalker’s real training begins after the demise of the Death Star when he goes to the Dagobah system to be trained by Yoda. Here, Luke travel’s into the Star Wars version of a netherworld, a place where both sides of the Force exist. Although it isn’t specified how long Luke is in the Dagobah system, but it appears to be three days. On his second day, Yoda instructs Luke to go into a cave where the dark side of the force is especially strong. Inside, Luke is put to the test mentally when Darth Vador emerges from the darkness. They partake in a light saber fight and Luke slices off Vador’s head. The mask cracks open and reveals Luke’s face. I is an extremely shocking experience for Luke and it also foreshadows Luke Skywalker’s origins.

John Cage Essay

John Cage was one of the artists who moved the furthest away from â€Å"tradition. † Cage himself says that he was trying to accomplish what Ives wanted many years before: to be able to sit on the back doorstep at sundown, listening to the music. In continuing and expanding the Ivesian tradition, Cage shattered the old notions of music as organized sound consisting of melody, harmony, and rhythm (Nicholls, 2007). He wondered why music had to be these things. His questioning led to new concepts of how musical elements could be freed from the restraints imposed on them by conventional thinking. Most music contains only a few of the available pitches. Melody in its most elementary sense draws attention to a single line, which is a rather primitive way of perceiving music. Rhythm in which eventsoccur â€Å"in time† is also limiting. Why, within a particular space of time, can an event not happen at any point, its rhythmic aspects thus being freed from time in the more traditional sense? As Cage puts it: â€Å"In a painting an image can go anywhere on the canvas. Why can’t a rhythm do the same thing within the framework of a piece of music? † Cage’s revolutionary ideas have led to many innovations. He is usually credited with having invented â€Å"chance music,† music created under conditions that leave certain of its parts to the vagaries of the moment (Nicholls, 2007). Virgil Thomson notes that chance in composition is rather like a kaleidoscope, and â€Å"what kaleidoscopes and arabesques lack is urgency† (Grant, 2001, p. 243). The music may not always have this quality, a condition that can ultimately hinder its expression in purely musical terms. But there is a new kind of musical awareness, a vitality of thought and of imagination. Cage has redefined the entire concept of direction in music, since he has not been particularly interested in where events are going. Rather, he is more intrigued with the moment and with the possibilities of what can happen during that moment. Cage has also thought about music’s purpose, deciding that actually there does not have to be any intent, that sounds alone can be the purpose. He says that â€Å"a sound accomplishes nothing; without it life would not last out the instant†( Pritchett, 1996). His aesthetic that everything is music is important, for it opens countless possibilities. Cage’s ideas have made a generation of composers rethink concepts that were taken too much for granted or were ruled out of musical consideration by previous generations. These concepts have, in fact, furthered music beyond its old boundaries. Many of Cage’s works are famous because of the revolutionary concepts that formed them. The composition for piano that consists of four minutes, thirty-three seconds of silence, 4? 3? , is a case in point. To dismiss the work as a gimmick or as insignificant because it really is not music is to miss the point. Composers have pondered the silences in music in previous ages, but it took Cage to realize that silence itself was an opportunity for a complete work and a complete experience. According to Cage, silence is deciding in favor of sounds that are not intended. And Cage feels that silence has philosophical overtones, for it strikes the foundations of the ego. 4? 33? is a difficult work, for there is so much to hear–nothing–and it is a memorable experience, for it shows a world of multiplicity, something that interests Cage far more than aspects of unity within a particular work (Pritchett, 1996). Because anything is possible in Cage’s compositional process, some works are highly organized, while others give an outward impression of random and unrelated orderings. Most of his early pieces, among them the 5 Songs for Contralto (1938) and the Quartet for Twelve Tom-Toms (1943), are carefully conceived and conventionally notated. Music of Changes (1951) was created with the aid of the Chinese book of changes, I Ching, one of Cage’s favorite aids in the evolution of a work (Pritchett, 1996). In addition to his novel approaches to the general aspects of composition, Cage utilizes fascinating â€Å"instruments† in some of hispieces. He has written compositions containing parts for brake drums. He has composed music for toy piano. Cage, in fact, has not rejected any possibility if that possibility has an intriguing sound. Thus, the amplified sound of water being swallowed, of a glass breaking or clinking, and of a balloon bursting are excellent sources, as good in their way as a piano or a trombone (Kostelanetz, 1991). Cage’s love of both conventional and unconventional sounds has made him reconsider the various traditional instruments and how they can be changed to produce a new result. One of these investigations resulted in the â€Å"prepared piano,† which consists of objects such as nails, bolts, pins, and other materials placed between the strings of a piano, creating a diversity of different timbres. Henry Cowell had experimented with various possibilities of piano sonorities earlier in the century, including playing on the inside of the instrument, and Cage was undoubtedly influenced by some of Cowell’s discoveries. But in most respects, Cage’s is an original concept. As a result of his pioneering efforts, the prepared piano is for all practical purposes a new instrument, reminiscent of a Balinese gamelan orchestra (Kostelanetz, 1991). Another unusual effect occurs in The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs, a song for voice and piano in which the pianist plays on the piano lid and on various other wooden parts of the instrument rather than on the keys. The piano, in other words, has many sound possibilities from which Cage has realized a diversity of new and unusual timbres (Pritchett, 1996). Cage has been accused of being narrow-minded, of only working with novelties and current avant-garde fashions. This is untrue. Cage actually is an important figure whose mind is an open one and whose â€Å"novelty-fashions† in their total implications are significant and even visionary. They are not fraudulent, nor are they aimed at the destruction of Western musical civilization, although Cage has been accused of that and of just about everything else by his critics. The problem is simply that to the casual observer Cage’s music is undisciplined. But this is also false. In some of his works chance itself is the discipline, a â€Å"method† that is used to bring about that which is not necessarily intended. The compositional premises behind one of Cage’s latest works, the Etudes Australes, is proof that there is a definite method behind chance procedures and that the results can present as unified a whole as if more conventional methods of organization had been employed (Patterson, 2001). Cage reports that the pieces created the impression of serial music to some listeners, and indeed the uncompromising aspects of the method of creation and the resulting combinations of pitches from that procedure would undoubtedly give an audience an impression of â€Å"twelve-tone† writing. Strictly speaking, of course, it is usually impossible to tell if a work is serial simply by listening to it (Cage, 1966). Yet this association proves a point, for to mistake the chance operations of Cage for serial procedures is to demonstrate that two different â€Å"methods† can produce similar aural results. For a serial composer, serial procedures provide the answers to most of the compositional questions and to the continuity within a particular piece. For Cage, chance operations answer the compositional questions, and from these procedures a continuity of musical expression develops. One of Cage’s literary methods is a further example of the logical use of chance operations. In trying to find a title for a book of writings that in a typical Cage manner contains a liberal sprinkling of absurdities. Cage subjected the twenty-six letters of the alphabet to a chance operation with the help of the I Ching. The letter â€Å"m† was the winner, and the book was subsequently entitled M. Although any letter would have worked as well, Cage noted that â€Å"m† was a good choice and particularly appropriate because it begins the names of many of his favorite people and things, among them music, mushrooms, Modern Music, and Mao Tse-tung. It was an absurd method for choosing an absurd title for a book of absurdities! Another aspect of Cage’s writing demonstrates more positive and visionary qualities of his music. Prelude for Meditation for Prepared Piano Solo (1944) is early Cage, and the preparation of the piano involves stove bolts and wood screws(Patterson, 2001). This piece, like 4? 33? , can be viewed initially and superficially as one event–a monolith. Within this monolithic experience is an inner world of relationships, of sounds and events that reach far beyond the two pitch classes that Cage employs. The philosophical concept behind a work such as this is simple: why should a piece of music begin, develop itself in intricate ways, and prove itself by an infinite variety that keeps an interest going in the work itself? Why should the variety not be of a different kind? A piece of music can simply suspend itself in time, although time itself is usually conceived as a terribly limiting artistic commodity. Pieces begin and pieces end. What about what is before the beginning and after the ending? Time, itself a measured fragment of eternity, is always there on either side of an experience of any kind, and, in effect, what happens within the time of a work need not always make the time pass but rather might make it exist within a vacuum, within a world of monolithic yet many-faceted events. Cage’s work is an early example of what has become a new aspect of musical experience. Other composers began thinking about the possibilities of the monolith, and numerous examples have been written in the last quarter of a century. La Monte Young Composition 1960 #7 is a case in point. The work consists of two pitch classes, a B and an F-sharp (the relationship to Cage Prelude for Meditation is obvious), which the composer says should be held â€Å"for a long time. † In 1961 the work was played in New York by a string trio, and the forty-five minute duration of that particular reading resulted in â€Å"a whole world of fluctuating overtones† for those who were willing to listen (Patterson, 2001). Experimental composers are not nearly as outrageous as their critics might think. Even a work that attempts by its chance procedures or other random methods of construction to be formless still achieves a form, which, in turn, expands our conception of â€Å"form. † For example, if a composer writes some musical fragments on notecards, shuffles the cards, and then plays the music in the order in which it appears, there will be many different orderings but always the same music, rearranged each time. If one writes a chance piece for ten players with ten instruments, there is a limitation in the fact that the performers are ten, that the instruments are ten, and that the efforts are taking place within an inescapable time span. A composer cannot, in other words, achieve complete freedom, complete formlessness, for that is an impossibility. What a composer can do is achieve a new musical result. References Cage, John. (1966). Silence: Lectures and Writings. The MIT Press; New Ed edition. Grant, Mark N. (2001). Maestros of the Pen: A History of Classical Music Criticism in America. Northeastern University Press. Kostelanetz, Richard. (1991). John Cage: An Anthology. Da Capo Press. Nicholls, David. (2007). John Cage (American Composers). University of Illinois Press. Patterson, David W. (2001). John Cage: Music, Philosophy, and Intention, 1933-1950 (Studies in Contemporary Music Andculture). Routledge; 1 edition. Pritchett, James. (1996). The Music of John Cage (Music in the Twentieth Century). Cambridge University Press.

Proposal on Energy Audit - 1640 Words

Proposal Energy Audit: An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy, flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). Energy audit identifies opportunities for financial savings by elimination of wasteful use of electricity, coal and fuel oil, without affecting the process or quality of product. Need for Energy Audit: It has been established that Energy savings of the order of 5 to 20% are possible by optimizing use of Energy with better house keeping, low cost retrofitting measures and use of Energy efficient equipment at the time of replacement, renovation or up gradation. Pakistan†¦show more content†¦It is this first phase where you, the facility manager, can watch the work of the energy auditor to make sure he does not miss any equipment and allocates the equipment to their right meters. Phase-II: Data Analysis The second phase expected of an energy audit is an analysis of the data obtained at the facility. Here the auditor leaves the facility and returns to his place of business to use his skills and computer programs to analyze the data collected. When he/she has analyzed your existing equipment’s operation, it should match the demand and energy consumption on the electric bills. The analysis should show a breakdown of the percent of demand and energy used by various types of equipment such as air conditioning, heating, lighting, motors, etc. It should bench mark the facility’s energy use index to similar facilities. Phase-III: Recommend Energy Conservation with Cost Effective The third phase of an energy audit is to recommend energy conservation measures in equipment and operations. This would include replacing inefficient with high efficiency lighting, air conditioning, and motors, adding window tint to south and west facing windows, installing motion sensors, and purchasing there energy saving devices. Each item would have a cost and an annual savings associated with it so as to calculate a payback period and rate of return percent. They should be graphed to show individual as well asShow MoreRelatedEssay on Energy Planning Proposal1093 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: ENERGY PLANNING PROPOSAL 1 Alternative Energy Planning Proposal NAME SCI/362 July 15, 2013 PROFESSOR NAME Alternative Energy Plan Proposal 2 Energy Planning Proposal Project: Alternative Energy Organization: City of Seattle, Washington Requestor/Sponsor: MAYORS NAME City of Seattle Mayor Description of Request: Develop and implement an Alternative Energy Plan for City of Seattle. 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